WORKING OF WINDMILL

PHYSICS SEMINAR NO:1

BY : GROUP TWO DME (SWC)
Name Roll. No Pg. no

Deepak
TEAM MEMBERS
S2207 3,4

Dhanapal S2208 5,6

Vishnu S2209 7,8

Gokul S2210 9,10,11

Hasan S2211 12,13

Jeevan S2212 14,15,16

 WIND MILL

• It is common to see the windmill installed in hilly

regions where the wind blows at high speed. The
high-speed wind is commercially used to generate
power. These windmills are constructed using the
most modern technology featuring brilliantly
engineered turbines for the efficient generation of
power.
 WINDMILL EVOLUTION

• Persians were the first to use windmills in 500 – 600 A.D.

Later, research and development took place for the
production of efficient windmills. In ancient times windmills
were used for milling purposes to make flour from cereals. It
was also used in a sawmill for cutting wood. It was also used
in agricultural farms to pump and stock water for farm
needs. The first windmill had rectangular long blades and
each windmill had six to twelve sails. These sails were
covered with grass-like weeds called reed or cloth. The first
windmill was designed in the year 1854 by Daniel Halliday
from the United States.
 WORKING OF WINDMILL

The windmill features vanes known as sails or blades and also

has a powerful engine. A windmill is a device that converts the
kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy. The wind
energy is converted into rotational energy. When the high-speed
wind blows over the windmill, the blades or sails are turned.
The blades move such that the shaft starts to spin, resulting in
the production of electricity. Blades control the functioning of
rotor speed. The generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The blades always rotate in a clockwise
direction. After lots of research and trials, it was found that a
windmill with three blades was more efficient.
• Components of the Windmill
• Sails: These are the essential components of the windmill which rotate when hit by wind.
• Rotor: It is also known as a propeller. The speed is controlled by sails.
• Anemometer: It is used for measuring the speed of the wind.
• Tower: It’s the support system for holding the blades and propeller together.
• Types of Windmills
• There are two types of windmills based on their axis of rotation, and they are:
• Vertical axis windmills
• Horizontal axis windmills
• There four types of horizontal axis windmills:
• Post mill
• Smock mill
• Tower mill
• Fan mill
 VERTICAL AXIS WINDMILL

• Vertical axis windmill: In these types of windmills, the main rotor shaft is placed transverse to the wind. While the main components are located at the base of the turbine.
Advantages of vertical wind turbines

Vertical wind turbines are easier to maintain because most of their moving parts are located
near the ground. This is due to the vertical wind turbine’s shape. The airfoils or rotor blades
are connected by arms to a shaft that sits on a bearing and drives a generator below, usually by
first connecting to a gearbox. As the rotor blades are vertical, a yaw device is not needed,
reducing the need for this bearing and its cost. Vertical wind turbines have a higher airfoil pitch
angle, giving improved aerodynamics while decreasing drag at low and high pressures.

Disadvantages of vertical wind turbines

• There may be a height limitation to how tall a vertical wind turbine can be built and how
much swept area it can have. Most VAWTS need to be installed on a relatively flat piece of
land and some sites could be too steep for them while available to HAWTS. VAWTS that use
guy wires to hold it in place create serious problems for the bottom bearing as all the weight
of the rotor is on it and the guy wires increase downward thrust in wind gusts. Solving this
problem requires a superstructure to hold in place the top bearing that also can share the
weight of the rotor.
 HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL

Horizontal axis windmill: In these types of windmills, turbines have the electrical
generator and main rotor shaft placed at the top of a tower pointing to the wind.
Advantages of horizontal wind turbines

In the horizontal wind turbine, the blades are to the side of the turbine’s centre of gravity, helping stability.
They have the ability to wing warp, which gives the turbine blades the best angle of attack. Allowing the
angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine collects the maximum amount
of wind energy for the time of day and season. The blades also have the ability to pitch the rotor blades in a
storm, to minimize damage. Tall towers allow access to stronger wind in sites with wind sheer. In some
wind sheer sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%.
Tall towers also allow placement on uneven land or in offshore locations. These can be placed in forests
above the treeline. Most are self-starting. The horizontal wind turbines can be cheaper because of higher
production volume, larger sizes and, in general, higher capacity factors and efficiencies.

Disadvantages of horizontal wind turbines

• HAWTs have difficulty operating in near ground, turbulent winds because their yaw and blade bearings
need smoother, more laminar wind flows. The tall towers and long blades (up to 180 feet long) are
difficult to transport on sea and land. Transportation can now account for 20% of equipment costs. Tall
HAWTS are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled operators. The supply
of HAWTS is less than demand and between 2004 and 2006, turbine prices increased up to 60%. At the
end of 2006, all major manufacturers were booked up with orders through 2008. The Federal Aviation
Administration (USA) has raised concerns about tall HAWTS’ effects on radar in proximity to air force
bases. Height can be a safety hazard for low-altitude aircraft. Offshore towers can be a navigation
problem. Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence.
 DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY IN
INDIAN

• Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years.
As of 31 January 2023, the total installed wind power capacity was 41.983
gigawatts (GW), the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.[2]
Wind power capacity is mainly spread across the southern, western, and north-
western states.[3]Wind power costs in India are decreasing rapidly.[4] The levelised
tariff of wind power reached a record low of ₹2.43 (3.0¢ US) per kWh (without any
direct or indirect subsidies) during auctions for wind projects in December 2017.[5]
[6][7] However, the levelised tariff increased to ₹2.77 (3.5¢ US) per kWh in March
2021.[8] In December 2017, union government announced the applicable
guidelines for tariff-based wind power auctions to bring more clarity and minimise
the risk to the developers.[9] Wind power installations occupy only 2% of the wind
farm area facilitating rest of the area for agriculture, plantations, etc.
 FUTURE PLANS OF INDIA IN
WINDMILL

According to the study, the major driver of future installations is renewable

purchase obligations (RPO) notified by the central and state governments.
The Ministry of Power has laid out a road map for purchasing renewable
power, whose share will increase from 6.94 per cent to 43.33 percent of
the power purchased by discoms by 2029-30.
• By 2025-26 the share of wind power is targeted at 33.01 per cent.
Considering this trend, India is expected to install nearly 19.4 Gw of
wind capacity, 76 per cent of which will come from central tenders,
followed by state utility markets, and lastly commercial and industrial
segments
 ADVANCE OF WINDMILL

• The advantages of wind energy are more apparent than the disadvantages. The
main advantages include an unlimited, free, renewable resource (the wind
itself), economic value, maintenance cost, and placement of wind harvesting
facilities. First and foremost, wind is an unlimited, free, renewable resource.
Wind is a natural occurrence and harvesting the kinetic energy of wind doesn’t
affect currents or wind cycles in any way. Next, harvesting wind power is a
clean, non-polluting way to generate electricity. Unlike other types of power
plants, it emits no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. The wind turbines
harmlessly generate electricity from wind passing by. Wind energy is far more
ecofriendly than the burning of fossil fuels for electricity.
• Currently, the United States, along with other countries, remains dependent
on fossil fuels imported from unstable and unreliable nations. [1] Strains on
supply (of fossil fuels) are likely to increase the prices of fossil fuel
resources and leave the US economy exposed to international market
volatility. Wind power has the ability to free the US from the figurative
economic bondage of fossil fuels. Once turbines and energy centre's have
been installed, the cost of maintaining turbines and generating wind power
is next to nothing. Another advantage of wind power is the ability to place
turbines wherever necessary. After performing research and finding areas
that have adequate wind, experts may place the turbines in desired areas.
These areas are usually unpopulated (offshore wind turbines, for example).
[1] In fact, offshore winds tend to blow harder and more uniformly than on
land, providing the potential for increased electricity generation and
smoother, steadier operation than land-based wind power systems.
 DISADVANTAGES OF WINDMILL

The two major disadvantages of wind power include initial cost and technology immaturity. Firstly,
constructing turbines and wind facilities is extremely expensive. The second disadvantage is
technology immaturity. [1] High cost of energy can, in part, be addressed directly with technology
innovations that increase reliability and energy output and lower system capital expenses. Offshore
wind energy produces more energy than onshore wind energy, but costs much more to establish. The
primary costs of wind turbines include construction and maintenance. [1] New technology is needed to
lower costs, increase reliability and energy production, solve regional deployment issues, expand the
resource area, develop infrastructure and manufacturing facilities, and mitigate known environmental
impacts. Therefore, one may argue that implementation of wind energy must be delayed until
technological advancements are made. Other disadvantages include:
• Aesthetic impact: Many people are concerned with the visual effects that wind turbines have on the
beautiful scenery of nature. They believe that giant wind turbines distract viewers from the beautiful
surroundings. Fig. 2 shows just how big wind turbines can be.
Wildlife: Wind turbines may be dangerous to flying animals. Many birds and bats
have been killed by flying into the rotors. Experts are now conducting research to
learn more about the effects that wind turbines have on marine habitats.
Remoteness of location: Although this may be an advantage (placing wind turbines
in desolate areas, far away from people), it may also be a disadvantage. The cost of
travel and maintenance on the turbines increases and is time consuming. Offshore
wind turbines require boats and can be dangerous to manage.
Noise: Some wind turbines tend to generate a lot of noise which can be unpleasant
• Safety at Sea: In the darkness/at night it may be difficult for incoming boats to
see wind turbines thus leading to collisions.
THANK YOU