OIL ANALYSIS Report

Teknik Oil Analysis review

• Visual
• Odour
• Viscosity Measurement
• Water Content
• Spectrographic Analysis
• Infra-red Spectroscopy
• Ferrous Debris Monitor/PQ
• Particle Counting
• Wear Debris Analysis/Filtergram

There are many other techniques, however, these are some of the most effective for used oil analysis
 METHODS FOR DETERMINING OIL CONDITION

• Visual Inspection.
– Darkness / Sludge - Oxidation, Contamination
– Milky - Water Contamination
– Visible Metal - Abnormal wear

All samples should be compared

against an original as some oils are
naturally dark.
 VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT

• Pengukuran kekentalan (Cst)

 WATER CONTENT

- Crackle Test

- Karl Fisher
 SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

• Spectrometer effective mampu membakar partikel

ukuran hingga 8um
 FTIR - INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY

• Soot, Oksidasi, Nitrasi, Sulphasi

• TBN
• Glycol
 INTRA-RED MEASUREMENTS

Oxidation Menyebabkan oli lebih kental dan menimbulkan sludge

Penyebab utama adalah overheating.
Nitration Menyebabkan munculnya sludge, varnish & formasi asam
Sulphation Bereaksi dengan additive menyebabkan meningkatnya
asam.
Soot Indikasi ring yang kotor atau sudah aus. Idle engine berlebihan,
dan air cleaner/filter udara yang buntu.

Glycol Indikasi kebocoran coolant dalam engine.

 FERROUS DEBRIS MONITOR/PQ

• PQ90/Ferrous Debris Monitor mengukur jumlah Ferrous dalam suatu

sampel tanpa memperhitungkan ukuran/size. ( keterbatasan spectro di
atas ukuran 8 micron)
• PQ test merupakan indikasi awal terhadap kebutuhan filtergram
 PARTICLE COUNTING

• Particle counters mengukur jumlah partikel dalam sampel.

Pengukuran jumlah partikel di kelomppokkkan pada
ukuran 4, 6, 14 micron - ISO 4406 Cleanliness Code.
• Particle counting – menjelaskan standard kebersihan
ampel.allows the cleanliness of the oil to be trended and
compared against industry standards
WHAT THE ISO 4406 NUMBERS MEAN
 WEAR DEBRIS ANALYSIS/FILTERGRAM

• Pengujian Microscopic
• Identifikasi keausan
• Tipe ukuran ke ausan
• Tipe dan jenis kontaminan
 POTENTIAL ELEMENTAL ORIGINS
ELEMENT POSSIBLE SOURCE
Aluminum (Al) Bearings – Bushings – Blocks – Pistons – Blowers – Pumps – Clutches – Washers –
Ingested Dirt
Boron (B) Coolant Additive – EP Additive
Calcium (Ca) Detergent / Dispersant Additive – Salt Water – Road Salt
Chromium (Cr) Bearings – Rings – Rollers – Liners – Exhaust Valves – Seals – Shafts – Coolant
Treatment
Copper (Cu) Bearings – Bushings – Washers – Pumps – Gears – Antiwear Additive
Iron (Fe) Blocks – Bearings – Cylinders – Pumps – Liners – Gears – pistons – rings – Discs –
Shafts – Valves - Screws
Lead (Pb) Bearings - Additive
Magnesium (Mg) Hard Water – Detergent / Dispersant Additive
Molybdenum (Mo) Rings – Friction Modifier – Antiwear Additive
Nickel (Ni) Bearings – Valves - Shafts
Phosphorus (P) Antiwear Additive
Silicon (Si) Seals – Gaskets – Ingested Dirt – Coolant Additive – Antifoaming Additive
Sodium (Na) Coolant Additive – Road Salt – Detergent Additive
Tin (Sn) Bearings – Bushings - Pistons
Zinc (Zn) Antiwear / Inhibitor Additive
 Limits/Standard range
• Ditentukan oleh prinsipal (Cat, Detroit etc)
• Ditentukan oleh prinsipal pelumas
• Mengacu ke actual trend
• Menggunakan pembanding terdekat.
• Not everything has alerts (e.g. PQ Index)

Notes :
• Aktual trend – prioritas
• Jangan bergantung pada limit – gunakan hanya sebagai indicator.
 Parameter Uji

Viscosity
• High Viscosity (too thick)
– Addition of thicker oil
– Oxidation
– Coolant/water contamination
– High Soot

• Low Viscosity (too thin)

– Addition of thinner oil
– Fuel, solvent or gas contamination
– Wrong Lubricant
Parameter Uji

Oxidation
• Overheating
• Excessive oil drain intervals
• Catalysts/contaminants
• High water - false result
• Synthetic oil - false result
Parameter Uji

Water content
• Cooling system leaks
• Steam/high pressure hose cleaning
• Faulty seals
• Condensation
• Contaminated oil supply
Wear Metals

• PQ Index for all magnetic particles

– Generally an indication of advanced wear
• Arc Spark for metals 1 to 8 microns
 Parameter Uji

Fuel Dilution
• Injector problem
• Kebocoran seal

TAN (Total Acid Number)

• Akibat hasil oksidasi - residu
• Kontaminasi asam
• Sulphur dalam fuel
 Parameter Uji

Nitration
• Blow by berlebihan
• Akibat oksidasi menghasilkan residu asam dengan material additive

Soot
•Ratio fuel & udara tidak seimbang
•Idle engine berlebihan
•Filter udara buntu
 Parameter Uji

TBN (Total Base Number)

• Terlambat penggantian oli

• Salah top up oil
• Fuel – high sulphur
Tipikal TBN & TAN
 Parameter Uji

Iron
• Liners, cams, bearings and gears
• Metallic contamination - welding, steel scale,
machine swarf, poor maintenance
• Rust particles
Parameter Uji

Aluminium
• Pistons, plain bearings
• Kontaminasi hard solid partikel

Chromium
• Piston rings, bearing, valves
• Reaksi kimia dengan coolant
Parameter Uji

Copper
• Copper/lead bearings, brass and bronze
bearings/bushes, bearing cages.
• Pipa pendingin
• Cu dari debu
• Leaching/tereaksi dengan coolant
Parameter Uji

Lead
• Copper/lead bearings
• Solder/joint
• Kandungan dari Fuel

Sodium
• Coolants
Parameter Uji

Silicon
• Kotoran debu
• Breather filter tidak bekerja normal
• Gasket compound
 Ferros Debris (PQ)
• Ferrous Debris adalah Magnetometer sensitif
pengukur massa geram besi dalam suatu sampel.

• Ferrous debris – mendeteksi keausan besi

diatas ukuran 8 micron.
Samples with abnormal PQ.
 • Saat Iron tinggi & PQ rendah – partikelnya
kecil.
• Bila PQ tinggi & Iron rendah – indikasi partikel
besar.
Wear & Contaminant Review
Metal Origins from Engines

Ref: BP/Castrol
Possible Source of Wear Metal
Possible Source of Wear Metal (2)
Possible Source of Wear Metal (3)
Possible Source of Wear Metal (4)
Possible Source of Wear Metal (5)
KONFIGURASI METAL
ADDITIVE METAL
CONTAMINANT METALS
SUMBER KEAUSAN/WEAR METAL
SUMBER KEAUSAN/WEAR METAL
FORMAT REPORT
TERIMA KASIH…………………

Questions……