RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

BY DR.AMARENDRA PATTNAIK
RESEARCH PROBLEM
EXTENSIVE STUDY AROUND THE PROBLEM
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
PARETO PRINCIPLE
Super-sticky saliva helps chameleons catch
huge prey, scientists say
Right or Left: Elephant calves pick their ‘trunk
handedness’ early on in life
RESEARCH QUESTION
RESEARCH PROCESS
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH DESIGN
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
CAUSAL RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
SAMPLING METHODS
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
HOMOGENIOUS AND HETROGENOUS
HETROGENIOUS & HOMOGENIOUS GROUPS
GROUPS - HOMOGENIOUS OR HETROGENIOUS?
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN-SAMPLING
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN-EXAMPLES
SAMPLING AND NON-SAMPLING ERROR
DATA COLLECTION
DATA TYPES
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
VARIABLES TYPES (BASED ON MEASUREMENT)
NOMINAL DATA - USED FOR CATAGORIZATION
ORDINAL DATA - INTERVALS ARE UNKNOWN
INTERVAL DATA - INTERVALS ARE KNOWN
RATIO DATA - CONTINUOUS DATA
TYPES OF DATA
MEASUREMENT AND SCALING
CONTINUOUS RATING SCALE
LIKERT SCALE
SEMANTIC DIFFERENCIAL SCALE
STAPEL SCALE
PAIRED COMPARISION
CONSTANT SUM SCALE
RANK ORDER SCALE
SCALES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
BOGARDUS SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE
GUTTMAN SCALE
VARIABLES - EXAMPLES
VARIABLES (CAUSE & EFFECT)
MODERATING VARIABLES
INTERVENING VARIABLE
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
QUESTIONS BASED ON NOMINAL DATA
ORDINAL DATA - INTERVALS ARE UNKNOWN
QUESTIONS BASED ON ORDINAL DATA
QUESTIONS BASED ON INTERVAL DATA
QUESTIONS BASED ON RATIO DATA
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
VALIDITY-RELIABILITY
SAMPLE TABLE - FAMILY INCOME (RAW DATA)
SAMPLE TABLE - MARKS
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
DATA ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
OUTLIERS
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
CROSS TABULATION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS
INFERENCIAL STATISTICS
TESTING OF HYPOTHSIS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING (STATISTICS TO PARAMETER)
STATISTICS AND PARAMETERS
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC TEST
NORMAL AND NON-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
TEST OF NORMALITY OF DATA
WHEN TO USE WHAT TEST
TEST- STATISTIC
CORRELATION EXAMPLES
LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR CORRELATION
LINEAR REGRESSION STATISTICS
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
REGRESSION EQUATION
REGRESSION EQUATION : y = a + bx
PEARSON AND SPEARMAN CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
SPEARMAN’S RANK ORDER CORRELATION
LINEAR REGRESSION VS LOGISTIC REGRESSION
LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL
LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL
Z TEST , T-TEST , F-TEST
T-TEST
PAIRED T-TEST
PAIRED AND UNPAIRED T-TEST
HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING T-STATISTICS
PAIRED AND UNPAIRED T-STATISTIC
PAIRED AND UNPAIRED Z-STATISTIC
TWO-TAILED TEST
ONE TAILED TEST
TYPE-I AND TYPE-II ERRORS
ANNOVA TEST
ANOVA
ANOVA
TWO-WAY ANNOVA
MANOVA
ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY ANNOVA
HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING ANOVA
CHI-SQUARE TEST
TWO TYPES OF CHI SQUARE TEST
CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC
HYPOTHESIS TESTING THOUGH CHI SQUARE
FACTOR ANALYSIS
FACTOR ANALYSIS
CLUSTER ANALYSIS
CLUSTER ANALYSIS
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (GROUPING OF ELEMENTS)
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
CENTRAL TENDENCY THEOREM
GRAPHS AND CHARTS
BAR CHART
RADAR DIAGRAM
SCATTER DIAGRAM
BOX PLOT