Industrial - Hygiene - PPT - v-26 08 2019

Industrial Hygiene
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PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Industrial Hygiene v.03.01.17 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Importance
To provide a practical
understanding of occupational
hygiene for people who need to
manage or advise on workplace
health issues in their
employment.
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Aim
Protect
yourself
your family
industry and
the stake holders
Source: OSHA
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Introduction
Industrial Hygiene – the
science of protecting the health
and safety of workers through:
• Anticipation,
• Recognition,
• Evaluation, and
• Control
…of workplace conditions Source: OSHA
that may cause workers’

injury or illness.
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History of Occupational Hygiene
• Ca 400 BC Hippocrates in
ancient Greece first noted
illness in mercury sulphide
workers.
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• 1700 Ramazzini, the father of industrial
medicine, the first formal study of
industrial diseases.
• It was he who added an addition to
Hippocrates list of questions to patients
when taking a history, namely “what is
your occupation?”
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• 1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide by

exposing rats mice and even himself to varying concentrations within an
“exposure chamber”.
• He used these results to develop

“dose v time” plots for severity and
discomfort of health effects.
• He introduces the use of small

animals and in particular Canaries
as the first way of monitoring to give
an indication of the levels of toxic
gas.
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• 1917 - During the first world war, the urgency of the work in munitions
factories led to poor working conditions.
• Yellow skin due to TNT and melanin of skin.
• The work of the “Health of Munitions Workers Committee” laid the
ground for many subsequent practices in ergonomics, psychology,
welfare and shift-work regimes.
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1889 - Exposure limits are set for humidity and carbon
dioxide in cotton mills in the UK.
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• 1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal

impregnated mask to control exposure to gases
and vapours.
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The Industrial revolution from the late 1700s through to
the late 1800s led to increased urbanisation and
industrialisation. Picture of Manchester UK.
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• Ca 1540 Paracelsus in Austria

described lung diseases in
mineworkers
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HEALTH HAZARDS
Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids,
Chemical agents
dusts, mists, fumes, etc.
Noise and vibration
Physical agents Heat and cold
Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc.
Biological agents Bacteria, fungi, etc.
Ergonomic factors Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion
Mechanical agents Machinery, Unguarded motors
Psychosocial factors Stress, workload and work organisation
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Types of Health Hazards
Common workplace health hazards:
Chemical Physical
Biological Ergonomic
Source of photos: OSHA
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Chemical Hazards
Multiple chemical
Forms hazards
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases and vapors
• Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes Spraying mist
Welding fumes Dust particulates
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Chemical Hazards and effects
Effects of chemical exposures:
Health Risks
Heart Ailments Lung Damage Sterility
CNS Damage Kidney Damage Burns
Cancer Liver Damage Rashes
Safety Risks
Fire Explosion Corrosion
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Chemical Hazards
Exposure entry routes:

Breathed in
Inhalation:
(most common route)
Swallowing via eating

Ingestion:
or drinking
Drawn through skin

Absorption:
or eye surface
Source of graphics: OSHA
Penetration through
*Injection:
the skin
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Chemical Hazards and chemical exposure
symptoms:
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation

• Flu-like symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Memory difficulties
• Sleeplessness
• Mental confusion
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Chemical Hazards and Systemic effects:
• Hepatotoxins
– Cause liver damage
– Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
• Nephrotoxins
– Cause kidney damage
– Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
• Neurotoxins
– Cause nerve damage
– Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
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Chemical Hazards
• Dose-Toxic effects:
1. Concentration – amount
2. Duration of Exposure – time
Source: OSHA
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Exposure evaluation
• What Chemicals Are Present?

• Facility Documents
• Chemical Inventory
• Operating Procedures
• Material Safety Data Sheets
• Walk-Around Survey
• Interview Workers
• Interview Medical & Safety Staff
• Identify Exposure Limits • Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) – OSHA PEL –

ACGIH TLV – NIOSH REL – In House OEL
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Exposure assessment
• Health Effects Ratings

• 4 = Life Threatening
• 3 = Irreversible Health Effects
• 2 = Severe, Reversible Health
• Acceptable Effects
• Unacceptable • 1 = Reversible Health Effects
• Uncertain
• Exposure Ratings
• 4 = Exceeds OEL (PEL)
• 3 = 50-100% of OEL
• 2 = 10-50% of OEL
• 1 = < 10% of OEL
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TLV/STLV
• What is TLV and STEL?
• Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)

Abbreviated as "TLV-STEL". Refers to a 15 minute time-
weighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at
any time during a workday even if the time-weighted average
is within the TLV.
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Sampling (Ambient/personal)
• Colorimetric Detector tubes – color on tube compared
with indicator ruler.
• Electrochemical sensor instruments carbon monoxide
(CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
oxygen (O2), ammonia (NH3), cyanide (CN), nitric
• Total dust oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide
• Respirable dust (SO2), chlorine (Cl2).
• Crystalline Silica • Vapor sensor instruments-Different lamps are used to
monitor classes of chemicals.
• Metals
• Infrared detector.
• Asbestos
• Portable Gas Chromatographs.
• Organic vapors and gases • x-ray fluorescence.
• Cyclone sampler.
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
• X-ray diffraction, Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) , Gas
chromatography, High Performance Liquid
Chromatography , Ion Chromatography, Ultraviolet-
visible detector
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Worksite analysis – assessing exposures:
• Air monitoring – personal and area

• Ventilation measurements
• Wipe samples – surfaces and personnel
Source: OSHA
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Personal monitoring.
Situation or type of chemical Test method For a chemical that is known to cause
respiratory irritation or reduction in respiratory function Spirometry (lung function)
test may be used to assess exposure to the hazardous chemical.
For a chemical that is known to cause specific observable health effects like skin
irritation or a rash Health monitoring may involve simple observation of the worker’s
skin by an occupational nurse or through self-observation and reporting.
Where exposure to the chemical is known to cause that chemical or a metabolite to
be present in urine or blood Urine or blood analysis for that chemical or metabolite
may be used to assess exposure, for example urine analysis for presence of heavy
metals. For this type of monitoring to be useful, the correlation between urine or
blood levels and health effects needs to be understood. For example, if a level of 50
µg/L of the chemical in urine correlates with known health effects, this may be used
in health monitoring.
Audiometry.
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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring may be defined as a systematic or repetitive measurement
and assessment of agents or their metabolites either in tissues or secretions, to
evaluate the uptake of a chemical and the health risk involved, with the purpose
of prevention of health effects by corrective actions as needed.
The traditional method of estimating exposure in the workplace has been
measurements of the concentrations of the chemical in air. These measurements,
however, do not necessarily reflect the amounts of the chemical absorbed in the
body. Thus, biological monitoring methods may be a useful complement to
environmental analyses.
Exhaled air
Urine
Blood
Bones
Hair
feces
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Personal air sampler
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Asbestos air sampler and silica
air sampler
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Chlorine
• Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in some household
products.
• Chlorine is sometimes in the form of a poisonous gas. Chlorine gas can be
pressurized and cooled to change it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and
stored. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas that stays
close to the ground and spreads rapidly.
• Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent, irritating odor, which is like the
odor of bleach.
• Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color.
• Used is as a bleach in the manufacture of paper and cloth, but it is also used to
make pesticides (insect killers), rubber, and solvents.
• Chlorine is used in drinking water and swimming pool water to kill harmful
bacteria. It is also as used as part of the sanitation process for industrial waste
and sewage.
• Household chlorine bleach can release chlorine gas if it is mixed with certain
other cleaning agents.
• Chlorine was used during World War I as a choking (pulmonary) agent.
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Immediate signs and symptoms of chlorine exposure
Blurred vision
Burning pain,
Redness, and blisters on the skin if exposed to gas.
Skin injuries similar to frostbite can occur if it is exposed to liquid
chlorine
Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and eyes
Coughing
Chest tightness
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
Fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) that may be delayed for a
few hours
Nausea and vomiting
Watery eyes
Wheezing
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Hierarchy of control:
Source: OSHA
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Chemical Hazards
• Administrative controls
– Establish written
programs & policies
– Training
– Monitor/measure exposure levels
– Inspections and maintenance
– Restricted area signage
– Develop SOPs
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Chemical Hazards
• PPE
– Respirators
– Gloves
– Safety glasses
– Long clothing
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Chemical Hazards
• PELs, or permissible exposure limits:

– OSHA’s regulations that establish the
acceptable amount or concentration of
a substance in the workplace
– Intended to protect workers from
adverse health effects related to
hazardous chemical exposure
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Chemical Hazards
• Components of substance specific standards:

(in general)
– Air monitoring
– Control of exposure
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Respiratory protection
– Medical surveillance / removal (lead)
– Recordkeeping
– Worker training
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Chemical Hazards
Hexavalent chromium:
• Toxic form of chromium;
• Known to cause cancer
• Compounds are man-made
and widely used
• Major source of exposure Source: OSHA
during “hotwork” on stainless

steel and other alloy steels
containing Cr(VI)
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Chemical Hazards
Asbestos:
• Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie,
crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite,
actinolite, and chemically treated/
altered forms
• Known carcinogen; Source: OSHA
can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

lung and other cancers
• Used in numerous building materials and vehicle
products
• Exposure potential during construction and ship repair;
as well as manufacturing of products containing asbestos
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Chemical Hazards
Silica:
• Important industrial material found abundantly
in the earth’s crust; most common form is quartz
• Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and
lung cancer, as well as kidney disease
• Exposure to respirable crystalline silica
– Inhalation of small particles
in air
– Common with operations
such as cutting, sawing,
and drilling
Source: NIOSH
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Chemical Hazards
Lead:
• Blue-gray, heavy metal occurring
naturally in Earth’s crust
• Can harm many of the body’s
organ systems; variety of ailments
• Exposure
– Inhalation and/or ingestion of airborne
particles containing lead
– Occurs in most industry sectors, including
manufacturing, wholesale trade, Source of photos: OSHA
transportation, construction, remediation,

and even recreation
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Chemical Hazards
Welding fumes:
• Content depends on components of
base metal, coatings, and/or filler
materials; and welding temperatures
• Potential health effects
– Acute exposure: eye, nose, and
Source: OSHA
throat irritation; dizziness; nausea
– Prolonged exposure: lung damage; various types of
cancer, including lung, larynx, and urinary tract
– Certain fumes and gases can lead to additional health
issues
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Chemical Hazards
Toxic atmospheres:
• Confined spaces – storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts,
sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels,
pipelines, open-top spaces more than 4’ in depth
(pits, tubs, vaults)
• Hazardous atmospheres
– Oxygen-deficient
– Hydrogen sulfide
– Carbon monoxide
Source: OSHA
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Biological Hazards
Insects Animals Contaminated Soil
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC
Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA
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Biological Hazards
• Possible effects of exposure

to biological hazards:
• Mild, allergic reactions
• Serious medical conditions
• Death
• Most virulent and prevalent
biological agents
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Biological Hazards
• Practice precaution with:
– Animals
– Insects
• Use insect repellent
• Provide proper ventilation or
other appropriate environmental
Certain species of fruit bats are thought to be the
natural reservoir for Ebola virus. EHF outbreaks
are believed to start as a result of contact with
infected animals or animal carcasses.
controls Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park

Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior.
The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as well

as other mosquito-borne illnesses, is to prevent
mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing
long sleeves and pants, and reducing mosquito
breeding grounds, such as standing water. Source:
OSHA; photos courtesy of CDC.
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Physical Hazards
Types of physical hazards:

Temperature Vibration
Radiation Noise
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Physical Hazards
Effects of exposure to physical hazards:

Temperature Radiation Vibration Noise
Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences
Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress
Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus
Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches
Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss
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Physical Hazards
Exposure to heat:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Red cluster of bumps/blisters;
Rash; Cramps Heavy sweating
Muscle pains or spasms
Dizziness, light-headedness,
Loss of body
Exhaustion weakness, heavy sweating, pale
fluids/salts
skin, sick to stomach
≥104F body temperature. Red,
Rapid body
Stroke hot, dry skin; dizziness;
temperature rise
confusion; unconscious
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Physical Hazards
Exposure to cold:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Uncontrolled shivering; slurred
Body temperature
Hypothermia speech; memory loss;
drops ≤95F
blue/purple skin
Pale, cold, waxy-white skin;
Frostbite Exposed to ≤0F air
tingling; stinging
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Radiation
• Its is an energy in the form of electromagnetic
waves.
• Radioactivity is a part of our earth - it has
existed all along.
• Naturally occurring radioactive materials are
present in its crust, the floors and walls of our
homes, schools, or offices and in the food we eat
and drink. There are radioactive gases in the air
we breathe. Our own bodies - muscles, bones,
and tissue - contain naturally occurring
radioactive elements.
• No colour, no odour and no taste
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Physical Hazards and Controls
Exposure to radiation:
Source: OSHA
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Discuss under the following headings
• Types of Radiation
• Radiation Dose
• Pathogenesis
• At What Level is Radiation Harmful?
• Risks and Benefits
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Pathogenesis
• Depends on indl susceptibility, dose and

distance.
• More damage to rapidly dividing cells.
• Mild damage and recover

• Damage and alteration in DNA
• Death of cell.
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Types of Radiation (ionising)
• Alpha radiation consists of heavy, positively charged particles emitted by
atoms of elements such as uranium and radium. Alpha radiation can be
stopped completely by a sheet of paper or by the thin surface layer of our
skin (epidermis). However, if alpha-emitting materials are taken into the
body by breathing, eating, or drinking, they can expose internal tissues
directly and may, therefore, cause biological damage.
• Beta radiation consists of electrons. They are more penetrating than alpha
particles and can pass through 1-2 centimetres of water. In general, a
sheet of aluminium a few millimetres thick will stop beta radiation.
• Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation similar to X-rays, light, and
radio waves. Gamma rays, depending on their energy, can pass right
through the human body, but can be stopped by thick walls of concrete or
lead.
• Neutrons are uncharged particles and do not produce ionization directly.
But, their interaction with the atoms of matter can give rise to alpha, beta,
gamma, or X-rays which then produce ionization. Neutrons are penetrating
and can be stopped only by thick masses of concrete, water or paraffin.
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Radiation Dose
• The biological effects of ionizing radiation

vary with the type and energy.
• The unit of absorbed radiation dose is the
Sievert (Sv). Since one Sievert is a large
quantity, radiation doses normally
encountered are expressed in millisievert
(mSv) or microsievert (µSv) which are one-
thousandth or one millionth of a Sievert.
• For example, one chest X-ray will give about
0.2 mSv of radiation dose.
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• On average, our radiation exposure due to all
natural sources amounts to about 2.4 mSv a
year
• In homes and buildings, there are radioactive
elements in the air.
• These radioactive elements are radon (Radon
222), thoron (Radon 220) and by products
formed by the decay of radium (Radium 226)
and thorium present in many sorts of rocks,
other building materials and in the soil. By far
the largest source of natural radiation exposure
comes from varying amounts of uranium and
thorium in the soil around the world.
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We are exposed to ionizing radiation from natural
sources in the following ways:
• We are surrounded by naturally-occurring radioactive elements in the
soil and stones, and are bathed with cosmic rays entering the earth's
atmosphere from outer space.
• We receive internal exposure from radioactive elements which we take
into our bodies through food and water, and through the air we breathe.
• In addition, we have radioactive elements (Potassium 40, Carbon 14,
Radium 226) in our blood or bones.
Additionally, we are exposed to varying amounts of radiation from sources

such as dental and other medical X-rays, industrial uses of nuclear
techniques and other consumer products such as luminized wrist watches,
ionization smoke detectors, etc. We are also exposed to radiation from
radioactive elements contained in fallout from nuclear explosives testing,
and routine normal discharges from nuclear and coal power stations.
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At What Level is Radiation Harmful?
• A very large dose delivered to the whole body over a short

time will result in the death of the exposed person within
days. Much has been learned by studying the health records
of the survivors of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• At low doses of radiation, there is still considerable
uncertainty about the overall effects. It is presumed that
exposure to radiation, even at the levels of natural
background, may involve some additional risk of cancer.
However, this has yet to be established.
• In addition, there are thousands of substances in our
everyday life besides radiation that can also cause cancer,
including tobacco smoke, ultraviolet light, asbestos, some
chemical dyes, fungal toxins in food, viruses, and even heat.
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Health hazards
• Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues

and/or organs and can produce acute effects :
• such as skin redness.
• Hair loss.
• Radiation burns.
• Acute radiation syndrome.
• Cancer.
• Genetic mutation
These effects are more severe at higher doses and higher dose rates. For
instance, the dose threshold for acute radiation syndrome is about 1 Sv
(1000 mSv).
Risk is higher for children and adolescents, as they are significantly more
sensitive to radiation exposure than adults.
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Maximum allowable dose
Tissue or organ Limit
Effective dose 20 mSv/year
Organ dose:
Bone marrow (red), gonads, uterus 50 mSv/year

150 mSv/year
Adrenals, bladder, brain, breast, lens of the
eye, small intestine, upper large intestine,
kidney, liver, lung, muscle, oesophagus,
pancreas, spleen, stomach, thymus
Bone surface, thyroid 300 mSv/year
Ankles, feet, forearms, hands, skin 500 mSv/year
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Risks and Benefits
• It is impossible to eliminate them all, but it is possible to reduce

them.
• The use of coal, oil, and nuclear energy for electricity production, for
example, is associated with some sort of risk to health, however
small. In general, society accepts the associated risk in order to
derive the relevant benefits.
• Any individual exposed to carcinogenic pollutants will carry some risk
of getting cancer. The use of radiation and nuclear techniques in
medicine, industry, agriculture, energy and other scientific and
technological fields has brought tremendous benefits to society.
• The benefits in medicine for diagnosis and treatment in terms of

human lives saved are enormous. Radiation is a key tool in the
treatment of certain kinds of cancer.
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Protection
• Keep radioactive dose as low as possible at workplace.

• Be as far as possible from the radiation.
• Lead aprons.
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Measuring equipment
• Geiger-Mueller (GM) Meter.

• Scintillation Detector.
• Ionization Chamber.
• Liquid Scintillation Counter.
• Gamma Counter.
• Personal Radiation Monitor.
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Geiger Mueller
radiation measuring
pers radiation detector
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Treatment
• Stable Iodine for Iodine.

• Forced diuresis for Tritium
• DTPA for Plutonium.
• Oral Prussian blue for Caesium.
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Non Ionising radiation
• Microwaves.
• Radio waves.
• UV.
• Infrared.
• Lasers.
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Illumination
Agent that stimulates eye to make things watchable
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Good illumination is required to avoid/ stop
injuries either in factories/any location
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Good illumination means-light has to be:
Uniform
without flickering
no glare
good intensity depending on the work
75
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LED vs Bulb
600 lm 40 W 10 W
900 lm 60 W 15 W
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Digital Lux Meter
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Occupational Noise
Exposure
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Did You Know?
80
What Is Noise?
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Anatomy of the Ear
Semi-Circular Canals
Ear Drum
Cochlea
Outer Ear
Ear Bones
82
Common Sounds may be louder
than you think…
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Types of noise
• Impulse
• Impulse irregular
• Continuous
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Types of Hearing loss
• Conductive
• Sensory
• Mixed
85
Signs of Hearing Loss
86
Hearing Loss
Temporary Hearing Loss

- results from short term
exposure to noise
- hearing returns when away
from the noise after 14 -24 hrs.
Permanent Hearing Loss
- results from exposure to a moderate
or high level of noise over a long period
of time (yrs.)
-hearing loss is PERMANENT
87
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Characteristics of Noise induced
hearing loss
• Painless
• Gradual
• Bilateral
• Asymmetrical
• Preceded by NITTS
• Irreversible
• Sensory type
• Initially speech not affected
• Notch at 4000 Hz
• Expands to higher and lower frequencies
• Can be measured
• No treatment
89
Normal Vs Noise-Induced
Audiometric testing
90
Sensory neural deafness
91
Mixed
92
Conductive deafness
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Why Do Audiometric Testing?
95
Audiometric Testing
96
Selection of Hearing
Protection Devices
• Hearing protection devices are selected

according to:
– Employee comfort
– Level of noise exposure
– NRR of device
– Type of work being performed
– Environmental conditions
Employee may select hearing protection from a variety

of suitable
hearing protectors provided by employer.
97
Types of Hearing
Protection Devices
• Ear muffs
• Foam insert earplugs
• Semi-aural earplugs
98
Fit, Use, and Care of Hearing
Protection Devices
99
Noise dosimeter
100
101
Occupational vibration syndrome
102
Vibration
• Periodic motion of a body in alternate

opposite directions from a position of
rest.
• Described by both a direction and a
magnitude
– directions of vibration
– acceleration
103
Occupations
• Chain saw work • Pipework

• Construction worker • Railroad or road work
• Miners+ drillers • Stonework
• Machine work,-repair, • 1-2 : dental technician,
tool makers teacher, painter,
• Welders manufacture of diff.
devices, plastics worker
etc.
104
Physical Hazards
Exposure to vibration:
Early Signs and Later Signs and
Health Effects
Symptoms Symptoms
• Circulatory • Intermittent • Loss of sense of touch;
disturbances, tingling of one or numbness
such as VWF and more fingers • Blanching of entire fingers
HAVS • Blanching of • Loss of grip strength
• Sensory nerve fingertips • Sever pain
damage • Pain in fingers • Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Muscle, bone, • Pain and loss of strength in
and joint injury arms
• Loss of finger dexterity or
coordination
105
Types Of vibration syndrome
106
Measurements and standards
107
108
HAV
• Frequency involved 30-1500 Hz

• Vibration level, acceleration, frequency,
angles, impulses
• Duration, continuity, radiation of the vibration
(tool weight, grip strength, hand position,
exposure area)
• Smoking increases VWF prevalence, if > 20
cigarettes/d > 20 years
• Temperature
109
PATOPHYSIOLOGY
• Local oedema in nerve and perineural tissue

and destruction of mylein sheath.
• Local damage in non-myelinated nerve fibers
 changes in blood vessels
vasoconstriction in cold
– mechanism: adrenergic reseptor damage in
vessel wallsalfa-2-reseptor predominance
110
Objective findings
• Temperature detection levels increase (damaged thin

myelin fibers)
• Two-point differentiation ability reduced
• Grip strength reduced
• Finger pletysmography: blood pressure of the affected
finger drops in cold exposure
• Sensory conduction velocities reduced before motor
velocities
111
Whole body vibration
• Frequency range-0.5 to 80 Hz
• May increase the risk of low back pain, disc
protrusion and joint arthritis
• May increase the risk of spontaneous abortions
and premature births.
• Depression, anxiety, dyspepsia.
• Difficult to diagnose at individual level
– 8 hour limit 1.15 m/s2
– 8 hour action limit 0.5 m/s2
112
Prevention
• Stop smoking, reduce risk factors of

polyneuropathy
• Stop or decrease exposure to minimum
– technical improvements of tools
– minimum exposure time
– gloves etc.
• Increase temperature
• Periodic health examinations
113
Protection against vibration:
Engineering Administrative PPE

• Vibration reduction • Proper positioning • Anti-vibration
equipment and grip; let the gloves
• Vibration dampeners machine do the work
or shields to isolate • Job rotation
source of vibration • Limit duration of task
from employee • Proper maintenance
Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible
114
115
Vibration meter
116
Ergonomics definition
• An applied science concerned with

designing and arranging things people use
so that the people and things interact most
efficiently and safely.
117
Ergonomics
118
Ergonomic Hazards
119
Risk factors for MSDs:
• Overexertion
• Repetitive tasks
• Awkward
posture/positions
• Localized pressure
• Cold temperatures
• Vibration
• Combined exposure
120
Effects of exposure to ergonomic hazards:
• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

– Exposure to ergonomic risk factors for MSDs
increases a worker's risk of injury
• Repetition
• High force
• Awkward postures
– Work-related MSDs are among the
most frequently reported causes
of lost or restricted work time.
Source: OSHA
121
Injuries due poor ergonomics
DeQuervain’s Disease
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Ganglion Cysts.
122
Injuries due poor ergonomics
Trigger Finger Tennis and Golfers elbow
Rotator Cuff/Tendinitis Back Pain/neck pain
123
Ergonomic injuries to be brought down by the following
measures
124
Workload
The amount of work to be done by

someone or something in a given time.
125
How is workload measured?
• An indirect way of measuring workload is to

estimate the level of workload imposed by a
task by measuring how well operators are able
to perform a second task at the same time they
are performing the primary task. In this
way, workload is estimated by measuring how
much “spare capacity” the operator has.
126
How workload affects performance?
• Change in workload tends to change the stress

level of employees, which ultimately
affect the performance of
employees. ... Workload pressure can be
positive leading to increased productivity. Under
utilization of human skills or failing to reach the
full potential of the employees is also one cause
to increase stress.
127
What is workload assessment?
• Workload simply refers to the experience of how

hard you are working, be that mental or physical.
• Workload assessment measures the perceived
demand and how hard the person works to
achieve the result.
128
Workload classification in terms of heart rate
129
In terms of percentage
130
Measuring workload
Physiological method:
• O2 consumption/min.
• Heart rate.
• Recovery of HR.
• Energy consumption.
• Pupil gaze and eye tracking.
Subjective method:
• Instantaneous Self Assessment (ISA).
• The Bedford Rating Scale (BFRS).
• NASA Task Load Index (TLX).
• An alternative to user ratings is the observer method, where the task is observed and
rated by the observer.
131
Static vs Dynamic work
132
Work capacity
• Work capacity is, essentially, the total amount

of work you can perform, recover from, and
adapt positively to.
133
Man job alignment
• Alignment means everyone is pulling in the same

direction. Employee goals line up with team goals,
department goals and enterprise goals. Each
person’s effort combines with others across the
organization, as everyone moves toward the
same goal. When people feel that their work is
aligned with that of the organization, it boosts
their engagement.
134
Fatigue
• Not all the functions of the human organism become tired as

a result of use. Even when asleep, for example, we breathe
and our heart is pumping without pause. Obviously, the basic
functions of breathing and heart activity are possible
throughout life without fatigue and without pauses for
recovery.
• On the other hand, we find after fairly prolonged heavy work
that there is a reduction in capacity—which we call fatigue.
This does not apply to muscular activity alone. The sensory
organs or the nerve Centre's also become tired. It is,
however, the aim of every cell to balance out the capacity
lost by its activity, a process which we call recovery.
135
Fatigue and rest allowances.
• Rest allowances are scheduled breaks designed to permit

an employee to recover from fatigue during the work
day. ... A failure to provide for rest allowances can result
in the loss of productivity and injuries due to fatigue. Rest
allowances are also called fatigue allowances or work-
rest allowances.
• A failure to provide for rest allowances can result in the
loss of productivity and injuries due to fatigue.
136
137
What Is Nutrition?
-The study of
how your body
uses the food
that you eat.
138
What is a Nutrient
• A nutrient is a chemical substance in
food that helps maintain the body.
• Some provide energy.
• All help build cells and tissues, regulate
bodily processes such as breathing.
• No single food supplies all the nutrients
the body needs to function.
139
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Water
 Protein Sugars
Carbohydrates Starches
 Fats Cellulose
140
Nutrients that have Calories:
 Proteins
 Carbohydrates
 Fats
141
Composition of foods in a diet
• Carbohydrates-50%.
• Fats-30%
• Proteins-20%
142
Energy derived from
• 60% from carbohydrates.

• 25% from fats.
• 15% from proteins
143
Definition of a Calorie:
A unit of measure for energy in

food
144
Calories per gram:
Protein 1 Gram = 4 calories

Carbohydrates 1 Gram = 4 calories
Fat 1 Gram = 9 calories
145
Variables which affect nutrient
needs:
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Activity Level
4. Climate
5. Health
6. State of nutrition
146
Aim for Fitness
1. Aim for a healthy

weight.
2. Be physically active
each day
147
Build a Healthy Base
3. Let the pyramid guide your
choices
4. Choose a variety of grains daily,
especially whole grains
5. Choose a variety of fruits and
vegetables daily.
6. Keep food safe to eat.
148
Choose Sensibly
7. Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat
and cholesterol and moderate in total fat
8. Choose beverages and foods to

moderate your intake of sugars
9. Choose and prepare food with less salt
10. If you drink alcoholic beverages

do so in moderation
149
Improvement in diet leads to
• 20% increase in diet leads to

doubling of effective work time.
150
STRESS and
MANAGEMENT
151
What is Stress?
• Stress can be defined

as our mental,
physical, emotional,
and behavioral
reactions to any
perceived demands or
threats.
152
The “Fight or Flight” Response
• When situations seem
threatening to us, our
bodies react quickly to
supply protection by
preparing to take action.
This physiological reaction
is known as the "fight or
flight" response.
– The physiological response
to a stressor is known as
reactivity
– Physiological responses can
accumulate and result in
long-term wear on the
body
153
What Makes Something
Stressful?
154
Stress Response: Example
155
Vulnerability to Stress
156
What is Stressful to You?
Work Roommate Legal matters
Classes Childcare Mental health
Studying Finances Law violation
Relationship with Appearance Spiritual/Religious
partner issues
Relationship with Physical Health Major/Career
family decisions
Relationship with Not “fitting in” Attitudes/thoughts
friends
Trauma Getting married Buying a house
Change in Change to a new Change in amount
residence school of recreation
Change in amount Change in eating Death of
of social activities habits friend/family
member
157
Why Do We "Stress Out"?
• For two major

reasons:
– We perceive a
situation as
dangerous, difficult,
or painful.
– We don't believe we
have the resources
to cope.
158
Stress Warning Signals
159
Suggestions for Reducing
Stress
160
Stress
161
Suggestions for Reducing Stress
• Be realistic. Set
practical goals for
dealing with situations
and solving problems.
– Develop realistic
expectations of
yourself and others.
162
Stress
Get organized and take
charge. Being
unorganized or engaging in
poor planning often leads to
frustration or crisis
situations, which most
always leads to feeling
stressed.
– Plan your time, make a
schedule, establish your
priorities.
163
Stress
164
Stress
165
Stress
Learn to say "no." Learn to
pick and choose which things
you will say "yes" to and
which things you will not.
– Protect yourself by not
allowing yourself to take
on every request or
opportunity that comes
your way.
166
Suggestions for Reducing Stress
Get regular exercise.

Exercising regularly can
help relieve some
symptoms of depression
and stress, and help us to
maintain our health.
167
Stress
Get a hobby, do something
different. For a balanced
lifestyle, play is as important as
work.
168
Stress
• Slow down. Know
your limits and cut down on the number of
things you try to do each day, particularly if you
do not have enough time for them or for
yourself.
– Be realistic about what you can accomplish effectively

each day.
– Monitor your pace. Rushing through things can lead to
mistakes or poor performance. Take the time you need to
do a good job.
 Poorly done tasks can lead to added stress.
169
Stress
Laugh, use humor. Do
something fun and enjoyable
such as seeing a funny movie,
laughing with friends, reading
a humorous book, or going to
a comedy show.
170
Stress
171
Relaxation Exercises
• Many different kinds, but some are:

– Deep Breathing
– Visualization: Visualization is a nice way of
giving our minds and bodies a "mini vacation.“
– Muscle Relaxation
172
Stress Management: Next
Steps
173
Phossy Jaw
174
Radium Girl
175
Coal Lung
176
Asbestosis Lung
177
178
Chimney sweeps Ca
179
Anthrax
180
Nasal perforation due to chromium
181
Dancing cat due to mercury
182
Statutory Requirements of OHC
• Pre-Employment medical examination for regular employees

(perm staff and regular contractual workmen).
• Short term or short term employees (non regular) medical
examination.
• Periodic medical examination every 6 months (perm staff and
regular contractual workmen).
• Food handlers medical examination every 6 months
• Drivers of all vehicles/loco operators/JCB/Dozers/dumpers etc-
once in a year (if indl is above 45 years then once in 6 months).
• BMW management and report returns in form-4
183
Other services of OHC
• Adherence to OHC policy.

• Preventive and curative cure.
• Issuance of job fitness certificates, opinions with to injured pts to HR and management.
• Communication of IOD to respective Department heads, safety dept.
• Maintenance and proper storage of documents.
• First aid refilling.
• Qualitative analysis of hazardous areas.
• Awareness sessions.
• Tool box meetings.
• Attending safety committee meet.
• Part of EHS.
• School health services.
• Community health services.
• Participation in CSR activities.
• Hygiene audit of Canteens/township etc.---
184
The Importance of Occupational Hygiene
ork related injury or ill health since we started an hour ago
185
Thank you
Dr (Major) Naresh Akkin
186

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Industrial Hygiene

that may cause workers’

• 1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide by

• He used these results to develop

• He introduces the use of small

• 1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal

• Ca 1540 Paracelsus in Austria

Biological agents Bacteria, fungi, etc.

Ergonomic factors Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion

Mechanical agents Machinery, Unguarded motors

Psychosocial factors Stress, workload and work organisation

Source of photos: OSHA

Welding fumes Dust particulates

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

Exposure entry routes:

Swallowing via eating

Drawn through skin

• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation

• What Chemicals Are Present?

• Identify Exposure Limits • Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) – OSHA PEL –

• Health Effects Ratings

• What is TLV and STEL?

• Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)

• Air monitoring – personal and area

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

• PELs, or permissible exposure limits:

• Components of substance specific standards:

during “hotwork” on stainless

can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

transportation, construction, remediation,

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC

Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA

• Possible effects of exposure

controls Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park

The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as well

Types of physical hazards:

Source of photos: OSHA

Effects of exposure to physical hazards:

Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences

Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress

Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus

Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches

Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss

• Depends on indl susceptibility, dose and

• Mild damage and recover

• The biological effects of ionizing radiation

Additionally, we are exposed to varying amounts of radiation from sources

• A very large dose delivered to the whole body over a short

• Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues

Tissue or organ Limit

Effective dose 20 mSv/year

Bone marrow (red), gonads, uterus 50 mSv/year

Bone surface, thyroid 300 mSv/year

Ankles, feet, forearms, hands, skin 500 mSv/year