Endoscopy

Submitted to:
Dr/ Amal Eldosokey
Dr/ khaled waly
Submitted
by:
• Rawan Alaa Abdelrazik 20160380

• Asmaa Ayman Mohamed

20170217

• Sohaila Elsayed Yousif 20180370

• Caroline Rafaat Nazir 20180584

• Menna Allah Tarek Ishak 20180908

• Fatma Saied Saber 20190909

Introduction:
• medical endoscopes are medical instruments used in endoscopy; It
is a medical procedure in which the internal organs or tissues of the
body are examined in detail.
• The medical endoscope is a long, thin, and flexible tube that
contains a light and a camera at one end through which endoscopy
of the various organs of the body is performed and images of the
interior of the body are displayed on a television screen, where it is
inserted into the body through various body openings.
• Medical endoscopes help surgeons see problems inside the patient’s body
without the need to make large incisions in his body. The doctor can use the
endoscope with forceps and scissors to take biopsies. These endoscopes can
also be used in minor surgeries. The first medical endoscope was designed in
1806 AD.
• Where can we find the endoscope in the hospital?
1) In the operating room
2) ENT clinic
3) Emergency
4) gynecology clinic
There are three main reasons for carrying out an endoscopy:

• Investigation: If an individual is experiencing vomiting, abdominal

pain, breathing disorders, stomach ulcers, difficulty swallowing, or
gastrointestinal bleeding, for example, an endoscope can be used to
search for a cause.
• Confirmation of a diagnosis: An endoscopy can carry out a biopsy to
confirm a diagnosis of cancer or other diseases.
• Treatment: An endoscope can treat an illness directly; for instance,
endoscopy can be used to cauterize (seal using heat) a bleeding vessel or
remove a polyp.
Disciplines
• Enteroscopy • esophagoscopy
• Hysteroscopy • Gastroscopy
• Arthroscopy • laparoscopy
• neuro endoscopy
• Bronchoscopy
• Thoracoscopy
• colonoscopy
Disciplines
Disciplines
Disciplines
Disciplines
The basics of surgical endoscopy
1) Monitor
2) Camera unit
3) Light source
4) Insufflator
5) suction
6) Telescopes
7) Camera Head
8) Light Cable
Monitor
• what are the various parameters we are talking about, when it
comes to selection of endoscopy monitor? The top important
features to be considered in the choice of endoscopy monitor:
Resolution
Screen size
Display Technology
Brightness
Colour calibration
Camera unit

• The camera is used by the doctor to see

inside the patient’s abdomen, and through a
button in the camera, the doctor can take a
picture or record a video of the endoscopic.
• Digital control Brightness It controls the
intensity of lighting according to the need
inside the patient, because if the lighting
exceeds the required limit, the image will be
unclear
Telescope
• Doctors use different lenses with different sizes
dependent on type of place he works on it in the
patient. A telescopes are built with extra low
dispersion glass rod lenses which control chromatic
aberrations and enhance image quality.
 Light Sources
• We need different angles according to the place we want to see
inside the patient Doctors use different lenses with different
sizes dependent on type of place he works on it in the patient.
• The light output is comparable to a 300-watt xenon illuminant
•  The LED service life is at least 30,000 hours
•  The LED light source reduces power consumption by up to
80% compared to an equivalent xenon light source
• Very stable color temperature (6500 Kelvin) over the entire
LED service life
Insufflator
• insufflator is a device used during laparoscopic surgery to
inflate the patient's abdomen with CO2
Fiber light cable

• Why it is fiber?
Because fiber is a material that transmits light, and the
work of this cable is to transmit light inside the patient,
because the human body from the inside is a very dark
object.
Fluid control

• It is a device that the doctor uses

during laparoscopic surgery to
wash the patient’s abdomen from
the inside of the blood using a
salt solution until the abdomen is
completely clean and the vision
is clear to the doctor.
Sterilization

• Surgical instruments and other material or equipment

that will contact the surgical site must be sterile prior to
use. The process of sterilization kills all forms of life,
including bacterial spores and viruses. Chemical
disinfection is not the same as sterilization and is not
acceptable as the primary method of instrument
preparation for surgery.
Methods of Sterilization:

1) cidex solution: Cidex is a high level disinfectant for

immersible items. It is necessary for the item to be disinfected to
come in full contact with the Cidex solution, not leaving any
surface of the item unsubmerged in it. Containing 2.4%
glutaraldehyde, which is a colorless liquid with pungent odor,
Cidex is one of the most trusted disinfectant in hospitals and
clinics because of its characteristics. Cidex can safely and
effectively disinfect different instruments, including those made
of aluminum, brass, copper, stainless steel and plastics. And is
highly effective against bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses.
2) Plasma Sterilization (H2O2): It is one of the best types of
sterilization, but it is not preferred because the sterilization
period is very long.
3) Autoclave: Autoclaves are also known as steam sterilizers,
and are typically used for healthcare or industrial applications.
An autoclave is a machine that uses steam under pressure to
kill harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores on items that
are placed inside a pressure vessel.
sterilization of endoscopic instruments

• sterelization is done acording to (ISO13060/ISO17665) under

conditions:
 the temperature of autoclave that telescopes and instruments of
endoscopy enter will be 134 celsios for 4 minutes
 dry it from 10-20 minutes
What are the latest endoscopic
techniques?
• Capsule endoscopy: The patient swallows a small capsule with a tiny camera
inside. The capsule passes through the patient's digestive system without
causing any discomfort, and takes thousands of pictures of the intestines as it
moves.
• ERCP: This technique combines X-rays and endoscopy of the gastrointestinal
tract to diagnose and treat problems of the pancreas and bile glands.
• Chromoendoscopy: A technique that uses a special dye on the lining of the
intestine during an endoscopy. This dye helps detect anything abnormal in the
lining of the intestine.
 What are the latest endoscopic
techniques?
• Endoscopic Ultrasound EUS: This technique uses ultrasound in conjunction
with endoscopy, allowing doctors to see organs and other objects that are not
visible during a regular endoscopy. A thin needle is then inserted into the
organ to take a sample of tissue and view it under a microscope.
• .Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR): A technique used to remove
cancerous tissue in the digestive tract. A needle is passed through the
endoscope to inject fluid under the abnormal tissue. This helps separate the
cancerous tissue from the other layers so that it can be removed more easily.
Risks and side effects of endoscopy
• An endoscopy is a relatively safe procedure. However, there are certain
risks involved. Risks depend on the area that is being examined.
• Risks of endoscopy may include:
over-sedation, although sedation is not always necessary
persistent pain in the area of the endoscopy
perforation or tear of the lining of the stomach or esophagus, a rare but
serious complication
shortness of breath
severe and persistent abdominal pain
chest pain
vomiting blood
 Endoscopy parts
price
• Monitor. (80,000 - 400,000 EGP)
• Camera unit. (100,000 – 500,000
EGP)
• Light source. (80,000 – 250,000 EGP)
• Insufflator. (220,000 – 300,000 EGP)
• Camera head. (80,000 – 600,000 EGP)
• Suction. (100,000 – 300,000 EGP)

Price: 1,500,000 –