DESAK MADE WIHANDANI

2021
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
thenaturalhistorian.com
 CENTRAL DOGMA
of Molecular Biology

Transcription Translation

Replication Reverse
Transcription
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Replication

protein
DNA mRNA
A
C
U A
A G
CA

Transcription G Translation
A
C
U
G
AU
C

Phenotype
BASE - SUGAR - PHOSPHATE
NUCLEOSIDE

NUCLEOTIDE
 3

1
5' 5'

' ' 4' 1'

' ' 3' 2'
PURINE PYRIMIDINE
Purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
                                                        
 

                                                                          
dAMP dADP d ATP
NUCLEIC ACID

5′TCA3'
3'ACT5'
 2 Types of Nucleic Acid:
RNA & DNA
• Differ in a few essential ways:
 Double helix (nucleotide chain)
 Nucleotide purine (adenine = A & guanine =
G) pyrimidine (cytosine = C & thymine =T)
 Sugar: Deoxyribose
 Complementer
A - T  2 hydrogen bonds
G - C  3 hydrogen bonds
 Anti paralel
 Contains genetic information
 Template for
Replication
Transcription
 Watson and Crick
… On Feb. 28,
1953, Francis
Crick walked into
the Eagle pub in
Cambridge,
England, and, as
James Watson
later recalled,
announced that
"we had found the
secret of life."
"The structure was too pretty not
to be true."

-- JAMES D. WATSON, "The Double

Helix"
DNA -
the Code (1953)
for Life

1920-1958

Died from ovarian cancer

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html
DNA double
helix
 To fit within a living cell, the DNA double helix
must be extensively compacted into a 3-D
conformation
 This is aided by DNA-binding proteins
 Refer to 9.20

27
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radial loops
(300 nm in diameter)

Metaphase
chromosome

30 nm fiber

Nucleosomes
(11 nm in diameter)

DNA
(2 nm in diameter)

Histone
protein
DNA wound
around histone
proteins

Each chromatid
(700 nm in diameter)

Figure 9.20 28
29
 Properties of DNA
• Denaturation & Renaturation of DNA

The DNA double helix can unwind to form

single strands when subjected to :

–  extremes of pH
– increased temperature
– decreased dielectric constant by alcohols, ketone,
etc.
– exposure to amides or urea
Base pair (pasang basa) = bp
1 000 bp = 1 kb
 Single chain (A, G, C & U)
 Sugar: Ribose
 3 RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
 Involved in protein synthesis
Secondary structure

Tertiary structure
DNA is like a book where genetic information is stored.
Genetics is just figuring out how to read that book.