Namibia University of Science and Technology

Lecturer: John Mukoya

1 HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

LECTURE: GENERAL
MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS
(CODE: GM0811S)

DAY 5

JOHN MUKOYA -01/04/2023

 Mr. John Mukoya

CONTENTS

1. Levels of Management
2. Functions of the different levels of management
3. What is Operations Management?
4. Applied Case Study Submission & Presentation
 Mr. John Mukoya

1.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

• The term level of management refers to a line of

demarcation between various managerial positions.

• The number of levels of management depends upon

the size, technology, degree, of diversity and nature of
product.
 Mr. John Mukoya

2 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

• There are mainly three levels of management in most of the

organization.
1.Top level management
2.Middle level management
3.Lower level management

• The extent to which managers perform the functions of

management – planning, organizing, directing, and controlling –
varies by level in the management hierarchy.
 Mr. John Mukoya

3.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT (DIAGRAM)
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

4 MANAGEMENT LEVELS
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

5 AUTHORITY VS RESPONSIBILITY
 Mr. John Mukoya

6.
Accountability VS Responsibility

• Responsibility can be shared. You can work with a team of

people to divide responsibilities

.
• On the other hand, accountability is something that can be
specific to an individual depending on their skill set, role, or
strengths.
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

7 Responsibility VS accountability

• Responsibility is task-oriented. Every person

on a team may be responsible for a given
task that is required to complete a massive
project.
• Accountability is what happens after a
situation has occurred. It is how you respond
and takes ownership of the results.
• Even during the most uncertain times, true
leaders hold themselves accountable for the
results.
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

8 Responsibility VS accountability

• Responsibility focuses on defined roles, job

descriptions, and processes that must be in
place to achieve a goal.

• On the contrary, accountability is committed

to the successful completion of tasks
assigned to you and being willing to take
responsibility for everything that happens due
to the actions taken.
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

9 Accountability

• Accountability is one requirement of an

effective and influential leader in the
workplace. It is defined as taking ownership
to ensure responsibilities are achieved as
expected.

• This means that leaders must clearly

understand expectations before making
commitments.
 Presentation: By GM: Human Capital Development

10 Accountability

• Accountability requires a mental shift in the

workplace; leaders have to be 
willing to give up a followers’ mentality and focus
their efforts in a productive way to ensure that
they achieve results.

• Accountability is one way to build trust in the

workplace. People trust leaders who aren’t quick
to blame others if things don’t go as planned but
who instead take accountability for their role in the
consequences.
 Mr. John Mukoya

11.
TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT (EXCO)

• Top level consists of the board of directors, general manager and other
senior executives.
• They develop the objectives of the organization.
• They prepare policies and takes important decisions to accomplish the
objectives of the organization.
• They issue instruction and orders to lower-level management.
 Mr. John Mukoya

12.
FUNCTIONS OF TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT

 The major functions of top-level management is planning

and organizing.

 The top management determines the mission and sets the

goals for the organization.

 Its primary function is long-range planning.

 Top management is accountable for the overall

management of the organization.
 Mr. John Mukoya

13.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• Middle level consists of a head of functional departments.
• They are responsible to top management.

• They are concerned with organization and direction function of

management; organizing and manning their departments as per the main
plan,

• Plan the departmental operations, guide, direct and motivate their workers
to attain the objective,

•
 Mr. John Mukoya

14.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT LEVEL

• Co-operate and co-ordinate with other departments,

• Evaluate the performance of his subordinates, collect

reports and statics from the lower and send into top level
management.
• Acquire and arrange the resources to meet the goals of an
organization.
• At this level the detailed tasks are defined, to be carried out
at the operational level.
 Mr. John Mukoya

15.
LOWER-LEVEL MANAGEMENT

• Lower-level management is also known as supervisory

management.
• This level includes supervisors, foremen, team leaders' boss,
accounts officer, sales officer etc.
• They are more concerned with direction and control function of
management.
• Their functions are:- plan for a day or week, organize the
activities of his group, allot work; issue instructions at the site,
motivate the employees, arrange materials, machines, tools
etc.
 Mr. John Mukoya

16.
What Is Operations Management (OM)?
• Operations management (OM) is the administration
of business practices to create the highest level of
efficiency possible within an organization.

• Converting materials and labour into goods and

services as efficiently as possible to maximize the
profit of an organization.
• Operations management teams attempt to balance
costs with revenue to achieve the highest net
operating profit possible.
 Mr. John Mukoya

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WHAT IS OM?.............................

• Operations management involves utilizing resources from staff,

materials, equipment, and technology.

• Operations managers acquire, develop, and deliver goods to

clients based on client needs and the abilities of the company.

• Operations management handles various strategic issues (size

of manufacturing plants and project management methods and
implementing the structure of information technology networks.
 Mr. John Mukoya

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WHAT IS OM?.....

• Other operational issues include the management of

inventory levels, including work-in-process levels and
raw materials acquisition, quality control, materials
handling, and maintenance policies.

• Operations management is concerned with

controlling the production process and business
operations most efficiently. OM professionals attempt
to balance operating costs with revenue to maximize
net operating profit.
 Mr. John Mukoya

19
What Are Some Systems of OM?
• Modern operations management revolves around four
theories: 

• Business process redesign (BPR) - focused on analyzing

and designing workflow and business processes within a
company.

• BPR helps companies restructure the organization by

designing the business process from the ground up.  
 Mr. John Mukoya

20
What Are Some Systems of OM?
• Six Sigma - is an approach that focuses on quality.

• The word "six" references the control limits, which are placed
at six standard deviations from the normal distribution mean.

• Tools used within the Six Sigma process include trending

charts, potential defect calculations, and other ratios.
 Mr. John Mukoya

21
What Are Some Systems of OM?
• Lean manufacturing is a systematic elimination of waste
within the manufacturing process.

• This theory sees resource use for any reason other than
value creation for customers as wasteful and seeks to
eliminate wasteful resource expenditures as much as
possible.
 Presentation: By John B Mukoya

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Questions & Answers - Discussions