Arithmetic

Topics to be discussed
◦ Commutative, Associative and distributive properties
◦ Operations of Real Numbers (Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division)
◦ Primes and composite
◦ GCF, LCM
◦ Percentage, ratios, and proportions
◦ Simple and compound interests
◦ Scientific notation
◦ PEMDAS
Commutative,
Associative and
distributive properties
Commutative, Associative and
distributive properties
•Commutative Property of Addition
•Commutative Property of Multiplication
•Associative Property of Addition
•Associative Property of Multiplication
•Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
What is Commutative Property?
•An operation is commutative if the order of the operands does not
affect the result.
•In other words, ORDER DOES NOT MATTER.
What is Commutative Property?
•An operation is commutative if the order of the operands does not
affect the result.
•In other words, ORDER DOES NOT MATTER.
Important Note
Subtraction and Division are not COMMUTATIVE
What is Associative Property?
•Associative property dictates that the grouping of terms does not
affect the result.
•In other words, the GROUPING DOES NOT MATTER.

2+5+3=2+5+3 2×5×3=2×5×3
Distributive Property of Multiplication
over addition
This property states that multiplying a sum by a number is the same
as multiplying each addend then adding the results together.
Question 1
What property can be applied to the following expression?

a) Commutative Property of Addition

b) Commutative Property of Multiplication
c) Associative Property of Addition
d) Associative Property of Multiplication
e) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
Question 2
What property can be applied to the following expression?

a) Commutative Property of Addition

b) Commutative Property of Multiplication
c) Associative Property of Addition
d) Associative Property of Multiplication
e) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
Question 3
Which of the following statements demonstrates the commutative
property of addition?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Question 4
What property can be applied to the following expression?

a) Commutative Property of Addition

b) Commutative Property of Multiplication
c) Associative Property of Addition
d) Associative Property of Multiplication
e) Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
Real numbers and
number sets
Number sets
Natural numbers
•Natural numbers are all the counting numbers starting from 1.
Whole numbers
•Whole numbers are all the counting numbers starting from 1
including zero.
Integers
•Integers are all the positive and negative natural numbers including
zero.
Rational numbers
•Integers are all numbers which can be represented as a quotient of
two numbers (all fractions).
Irrational numbers
•Integers are all numbers which cannot be represented as a quotient
of two numbers.
•Example includes:
Real numbers
•Real numbers include all the rational and the irrational numbers.
Imaginary numbers
•An imaginary number is any number that has a negative square.
•Imaginary numbers are symbolized by the letter .
•Examples are:
Complex numbers
•A complex number is any number that can be expressed as
•Examples are:
Number sets
Question 5
Which of the following values is closest to ?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 3.14159
Question 6
What number set includes all counting numbers including zero?
a) Natural numbers
b) Whole numbers
c) Irrational numbers
d) Complex numbers
Imaginary numbers
Imaginary numbers
•An imaginary number can be visualized as a clock with only 4 times.

−1 1

−𝑖
Imaginary numbers
•Familiarize these four identities.

•This pattern repeats every 4 counts.

Question 7
Evaluate
a) 1
b) -1
c)
d)
Question 8
Evaluate
a) 1
b) -1
c)
d)
Question 9
Evaluate
a) 1
b) -1
c)
d) 0
Primes and Composites
Primes and Composites
•A prime number has only two factors: 1 and itself.
•A composite number has another factor other than 1 and itself.
Examples of Prime Numbers
•2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 23, …
Examples of Composite Numbers
•4, 6, 8, 9 , 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, …
Question 8
Which of the following numbers is prime?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 1237412
Question 9
Which of the following numbers is composite?
a) -5
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5
Prime Factorization
Prime Factorization
•The process of breaking down a number to its prime factors is called
prime factorization.
Example
•Evaluate the prime factorization of 48.
Example
•Evaluate the prime factorization of 196.
Example
•Evaluate the prime factorization of 1350.
Difference between factors and Prime
factorization
•The factors of a number can be any number, while the prime
factorization is the factors of a number must be primes.
GCF and LCM
Greatest Common Factor
•Greatest Common Factor or GCF is the largest number which can
divide two or more numbers evenly.
•Other terms are: Greatest common denominator (GCD), Highest
common factor (HCF),Greatest common divisor (GCD)
Example
•Find the GCF of 48 & 60.
Example
•Find the GCF of 108, 420 & 120.
Least Common Multiple
•The least common multiple of two numbers is the smallest number
that is divisible by both of the two numbers.
Example
•Find the LCM of 4 & 12.
Example
•Find the LCM of 48 & 60.
Example
•Find the LCM of 5, 10 & 45.
Fractions
Fractions
•A fraction is a quotient of two numbers, the numerator divided by
the divisor.
Types of Fractions
•Proper Fractions
•Improper Fractions
•Mixed Fractions
Proper Fractions
•A proper fraction has a numerator which is less than its
denominator.
Improper Fractions
•An improper fraction has a numerator which is greater than its
denominator.
Mixed Fractions
•A mixed fraction is a combination of a fraction and a whole number
Steps in addition/subtraction of fractions
1. Convert the mixed fractions into improper fraction
2. Get the LCD (least common denominator)
3. Add the numerators
4. Simplify
Example
Evaluate 1/4 + 1/2.
Example
Evaluate
Example
Evaluate
Steps in multiplying fractions
1. Convert the mixed fractions into improper fraction
2. Multiply the numerator to numerator
3. Multiply the denominator to denominator
Example
Evaluate 1/4 * 1/2.
Example
Evaluate
Example
Evaluate
Steps in dividing fractions
1. Convert the mixed fractions into improper fraction
2. Invert the divisor
3. Multiply the numerator to numerator
4. Multiply the denominator to denominator
Example
Evaluate 1/4 ÷ 1/2.
Example
Evaluate
Example
Evaluate
Percentage, ratio and
proportion
Simple and compound
interests
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation
•Scientific notation is used to express a very large or a very small
number.
•A number in scientific notation is in the form
•where and is an integer
Conversion from scientific notation
•To convert a number from scientific notation to a regular number,
simply move the decimal place according to the exponent of 10.
•Positive to the right.
•Negative to the left.
Example
What is the numeric value of ?
Example
What is the numeric value of ?
Conversion to scientific notation
•To convert a number to scientific notation, simply move the decimal
place such that only one digit is to the left of the decimal point, and
count the movement.
•Positive to the left.
•Negative to the right.
Example
Express 0.004576 in scientific notation.
Example
Express 45,050,000,000 in scientific notation.
Scientific Notation