SEGMENT 5:

PERSONALITY DISORDER
GOD IS GOOD!
PERSONALITY DISORDERS

• are chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are

thoroughly integrated into the individual’s personality and that are
troublesome to others or whose pleasure sources are either harmful
or illegal.
TEN TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDER (CLUSTERS A, B & C)

• Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behaviors, schizoid Personality

Disorder (SPD)
- Those with SPD may be perceived by others as somber, and aloof and often are
referred to as loners.

• Manifestations:

a. Social isolation and a lack of desire for close personal relationships.

b. Prefers to be alone and seem withdrawn and emotionally detached.

c. Seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other people.

2. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER (PPD)

- Although they are prone to unjustified angry or aggressive outbursts when they
perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, those with PPD more often come across as
emotionally "cold" or excessively serious.

•Manifestations:

•a. They feel constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.

•b. They believe that others are against them and constantly o look for evidence to
support their suspicions.

•c. They are hostile toward others and react angrily to perceived insults.
3. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER (SPD)

- This disorder is characterized both by a need for isolation as well as odd, outlandish, or paranoid
beliefs. Some researchers suggest this disorder is less severe than schizophrenia.

Manifestations:

a. They engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior,

b. They may ramble or use words and ways.

c. They may believe they have magical control over others

d. They feel very uncomfortable with close personal relationships and tend to be suspicious of
others.
CLUSTER B: DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, OR ERRATIC BEHAVIORS

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APB)

- APD is characterized by lack of empathy or conscience, a difficulty controlling impulses and

manipulative behaviors. Antisocial behavior in people less than 18 years old is called conduct
disorder.

• Manifestations:

• a. Act in a way that disregards the feelings and rights of other people.

• b. Anti-social personalities often break the law.

• c. Use or exploit other people for their own gain.

d. They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into physical fights.
e. They may mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children and exploit their
employees.
f. They may even kill other people.
g. People with this disorder are also sometimes called sociopaths or
psychopaths.
People with this disorder are at high risk for premature and violent death, injury,
imprisonment, loss of employment, bankruptey, alcoholism, drug dependence, and
failed personal relationships.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER (BPD)

1. This mental illness interferes with an individual's ability to regulate emotion.

Borderlines are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in
frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.
Manifestations:
a. They have intense emotional instability, particularly in relationship with other.
b. They make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment by others.
c. They may experience minor problems as major crises
d. They express their anger, frustration, and dismay through suicidal
gestures, self-mutilation, and other self-destructive acts.

e. They tend to have an unstable self-image or sense of self.

Borderline personalities are at high risk for developing

depression, alcoholism, drug dependence, and bulimia; dissociate
disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, 10 percent of
people with this disorder commit suicide by the age of 30.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER (NPD)

1. NPD is characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack

of empathy. Narcissistic tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of
others' perspectives, insensitive to others’ needs, and indifferent to the
effect of their own egocentric behavior.

Manifestations:

a. They a grandiose sense of self-importance.

b. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about

unlimited success or power.

c. They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. However,

they often have very fragile self-esteem.
4. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER (HPD)

- Individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a pervasive

pattern of excessive emotionality and attempt to get attention in
unusual ways, such as bizarre appearance or speech.

Manifestations:

a. They strive to be the center of attention.

b. They act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention.

c. They may also talk in a dramatic or theatrical style and display

exaggerated emotional reactions.
CLUSTER C: ANXIOUS, FEARFUL
BEHAVIORS
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER (APD)

Those with avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to rejection and

unwilling to take social risks. Avoidant displays a high level of social discomfort,
timidity, and fear of criticism. avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal
contact.
Manifestations:
a. They possess intense, anxious shyness.
b. They are reluctant to interact with others unless they feel certain of being liked.
c. They fear being criticized and rejected.
d. They often view themselves as socially inept and inferior to others.
2. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER (DPD)

- People with dependent disorder typically exhibit a pattern of needy and

submissive behavior, and rely on others to make decisions for them.
Manifestations:
a. They have a severe and disabling emotional dependency on others.
b. They have difficulty in making decisions without a great deal of advice and
reassurance from others. c. They urgently seek out another relationship when a
close relationship ends.
d. They feel uncomfortable by themselves.
 3. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER (0CPD)

- Individuals with OCPD, also called Anankastic Personality Disorder, are so

focused on order and perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes with
productivity and efficiency. They can also be workaholics, preferring the control of
working alone, as they are afraid that work completed by others will not be done
correctly.
MANIFESTATIONS:

a. They have a preoccupation with details, orderliness, perfection, and

control.
b. They devote excessive amounts of time to work and productivity and fail
to take time for leisure activities and friendships.
c. They tend to be rigid, formal, stubborn, and serious.
This disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which
often includes more bizarre behavior and rituals.
 PERSONALITY DISORDER AND CRIMINALITY

- Eysenck believes that personality is the main factor in criminal behavior, has a
decisive role in crime, and their study is the only systematic method through which
criminal behavior can be explained.
The findings of a study on 440 prisoners in Tehran, Iran, showed that
88% of prisoners were men. Moreover, 51.8%, 15.7%, 102%. 8.6%., 5.0%, 1.4%,
3.0%, and 1.6% were imprisoned due to fraud, theft, blood money payment, infidelity,
denying, and failure to pay dowry, murder, and smuggling, respectively. Furthermore,
the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), narcissistic personality
disorder (NPD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), aggressive-masochistic
personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, and self-defeating
personality disorder was higher than other disorders. A significant relationship was
observed between the type of crime and schizoid personality disorder (SPD)
 The prevalence of clinical personality patterns among I imprisoned women was 61.2%
and schizotypal personality disorder SIPD), paranoid personality disorder (PPD), and
borderline personality disorder (BPD) were, respectively, the most prevalent among
men, and PPD, SPD, and histrionic personality disorder (BPD) were, respectively, the
most prevalent among women.
In the study conducted on addicts in the prison of Kashan, Iran, the highest
prevalence was, respectively, observed in ASPD (1individuals; 24%), MDD (10
individuals; 20%), hypomania (7) individuals: 14%), hypochondriasis (5 individuals:
10%), HPD (5 individuals; 10%), PPD (4 individuals; 8%), anxiety disorder (4
individuals; 8%), and SPD (3 individuals; 6%).
In a study on prisoners charged with narcotics-related crimes, 85.2% of the
studied individuals had personality disorders; the most prevalent disorders were HPD
(42.4 %) and ÁSPD
IS; %) and the least prevalent disorder was SPD (14.6 %). Moreover, mixed personality
disorder was observed in 52.6% of the subjects. Furthermore, occupation, education, and
marital status had, significant correlation with drug trafficking.
Another study reported a 55.2% prevalence (1 12 individuals) of personality
disorders among prisoners, ASPD (18.29%) was the most prevalent disorder.
40:41;42;43) SPD (8.4%), dependent personality disorder (DPD) (8.4%), BPD (7.4%),
mixed personality disorder (3.4%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (3.0%), HPD
(3.0A PPD (2.5%), and other personality disorders (0.9%) were also observed. The
evaluation of the prevalence of personality disorders based on crime type showed that the
highest prevalence was related to theft (64.1%), drug addiction (60.9%), iniquity and
murder (55.6%), drug trafficking (55.0%), financial crimes (40.9%). Respectively.
 Paranoid persons committing violent crimes and whose personality
characteristics are primarily paranoid belong to a variety of subtypes. Some
exhibits pathological jealousy; others, extreme bigotry; still others, persecutory
ideation and grudge-holding. Within the latter category will be situated the
majority of persons committing mass murder (i.e. the murder of three or more
people in one outburst). Almost all mass murderers are male.
A diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) has
consistently been linked to the criminal behavior, including violent offending, of
prisoners.
 Further evidence for a relationship between personality disorder
and violence has emerged from research investigating perpetrators of violence
in the community. A large number of cross-sectional studies have demonstrated
that individuals who engage in violent and nonviolent offending, aggression, and
intimate partner violence are more likely to meet the diagnosis for a personality
disorder. Also, individuals diagnosed with cluster A or B personality disorder, as
defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth
edition, had a threefold likelihood of committing violent acts in the future. A high
propensity for aggression has also been identified in individuals seeking
treatment for personality disorders.
 VIOLENT RECIDIVISM

- Personality disorder is a central criterion in current approaches to violence risk

assessment and management, and has been documented to increase the risk of
violent recidivism. A diagnosis of ASPD is especially predictive, for instance, found
that reconviction rates for attempted or completed murder, manslaughter, assault,
robbery, or rape were 3.7 times higher for individuals with this diagnosis, so]
Psychopathy has also been found to strongly predict violent recidivism.