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Cell Adaptation: Gul Fatima/R.Ph Lecturer, SICP
Cell Adaptation: Gul Fatima/R.Ph Lecturer, SICP
Cell Adaptation: Gul Fatima/R.Ph Lecturer, SICP
Gul Fatima/R.Ph
Lecturer, SICP
Cellular Adaptations
• Adaptations are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype,
metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in
their environment.
• Such adaptations may take several distinct forms.
1. Hypertrophy increase in the size of cells, resulting in an
increase in the size of the organ.
2. Hyperplasia an increase in the number of cells in an organ or
tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue.
3. Atrophy reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a
decrease in cell size and number.
4. Metaplasia Reversible change in which one differentiated cell
type is replaced by another cell type.
Types of Adaptation
• Physiologic adaptations: Physiologic adaptations usually
represent responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or
endogenous chemical mediators (e.g., the hormone induced
enlargement of the breast and uterus during pregnancy).
Types of Atrophy
• Physiologic atrophy
• Pathological atrophy
Atrophy. A, Normal brain of a young adult. B, Atrophy of the brain in an
82-year-old male with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, resulting
in reduced blood supply. Note that loss of brain substance narrows the
gyri and widens the sulci
Causes
• Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse)
• Nutritional or oxygen deprivation
• Diminished endocrine stimulation
• Aging
• Malnutrition
• Chronic illness COPD, Cancer, Heart Failure
• Neurological Conditions spinal injury, multiple sclerosis,
peripheral neuropathy
• Injuries and Trauma
• Medication corticosteroids
• Hormonal imbalance less thyroid and testosterone causes muscle
weakness and atrophy
Physiologic atrophy
• Physiologic atrophy is common during normal development.
• For example
• Hypertrophic tissues do not have any new cells, but existing cells
increase in size due to formation of more structural components
within the cell.
• Causes:
• hormonal stimulation
• increased workload
Mechanism
1. Mechanical stress (physiological hypertrophy)
2. Growth factor (pathological hypertrophy)
3. Adrenergic receptors (pathological hypertrophy)
Mechanical stress Cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Stimulate
1. Physiological hypertrophy
2. Adaptive hypertrophy
3. Pathological hypertrophy
4. Compensatory hypertrophy
1- Physiological hypertrophy
• It is not the process of any disease. It occurs because of;
• For example;
• For example:
• For example:
• Protein degradation.
Clinical significance
• Hypertrophy can produce a disease.
• No chance of neoplasia
Hyperplasia
• Physiological hyperplasia
• Pathological hyperplasia
• Hormonal hyperplasia
• compensatory hyperplasia
a. Hormonal hyperplasia
• Hormonal hyperplasia refers to an abnormal increase in the number
of cells in a tissue or organ due to hormonal imbalances or
overproduction of certain hormones.
• This type of hyperplasia can occur in various tissues and organs
throughout the body, including the breast, uterus, thyroid, and
adrenal glands.
• For example;
- Proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at
puberty
- Increase in the size of the breasts during pregnancy,
- Increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle
- liver growth after partial resection
- During pregnancy and growth of the uterus during pregnancy
involves both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
b. Compensatory hyperplasia
• Response to deficiency,
• For example
- Hyperplasia following surgical removal of part of liver or of
one kidney;
- Hyperplasia of the bone marrow in anemia
• For example, when part of a liver is resected, mitotic activity in
the remaining cells begins as early as 12 hours later, eventually
restoring the liver to its normal weight. The stimuli for hyperplasia
in this setting are polypeptide growth factors produced by
uninjured hepatocytes as well as nonparenchymal cells in the liver.
After restoration of the liver mass, cell proliferation is ―turned
off by various growth inhibitors
Pathologic Hyperplasia
• Pathologic hyperplasia is caused by excessive hormonal or growth
factor stimulation.
• For example,
• after a normal menstrual period there is a burst of uterine
epithelial proliferation that is normally tightly regulated by
stimulation through pituitary hormones and ovarian estrogen
and by inhibition through progesterone. However, a disturbed
balance between estrogen and progesterone causes
endometrial hyperplasia, which is a common cause of
abnormal menstrual bleeding
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Pancreatic islet hyperplasia in infants of a diabetic mother.
Hyperplasia Vs. cancer
• Hyperplasia and cancer are both related to abnormal growth of
cells
Hyperplasia Cancer
Increase in cell number in uncontrolled growth of abnormal
response of stimulus like cells that can invade nearby
inflammation, hormonal changes, tissues and spread to other parts
or tissue damage. of the body that leading to the
The pathologic hyperplasia formation of tumors and the
serves as a favorable destruction of normal tissues.
environment for the eventual
growth of cancer.
Clinical significance
• Hyperplasia can produce a disease such as Grave`s disease.
• There is increased incidence of neoplasia with hyperplasia.
Relationship between
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Dysplasia
• Premalignant condition
• Benign
• Malignant