Evidence 2

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Jim is a 21-year-old male in his third year of college, and he has decided that it is time for him to get back in shape. During high school,
Jim was active in sports and followed a healthy diet, but the demands of work and study, and his social life have taken their toll on Jim’s
health. He weighs more, doesn’t exercise, drinks on the weekends, eats a lot of fast foods like hamburgers and French fries, donuts, and
pizzas, and he began smoking about three years ago.

Due to the pressures of study and work, Jim also gets very little sleep. Since Jim has decided to get back in shape, his first step was to
get a checkup in the school’s health clinic. During the physical exam, the nurse measured Jim’s height, weight, and blood pressure. Jim
is 1.8 meters tall, weighs 90 kilos, and his blood pressure is 132/84 mmHg. Jim was not concerned until his doctor informed him that
high blood pressure or hypertension is a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. Jim’s blood pressure value qualified him as
prehypertensive, which means that he has an increased risk of developing hypertension in the future.

Jim told his doctor that several family members on his dad’s side of the family have hypertension, and some had died before the age of
50 of heart attacks. Hypertension is a disease of the cardiovascular system that is correlated with an increase in heart disease, stroke,
and kidney disease and vision problems. Most people consider hypertension to be a disease of middle age, but almost one in five young
adults are affected as well, making it one of the major health risks facing young adults.

After speaking with his doctor, Jim realized that he knew very little about how his body worked, and had never considered how his life
style choices influenced his health. He was determined to learn more about how his body functions, especially the cardiovascular
system. He also wants to work on making positive changes in his lifestyle, starting with changes in his diet. He needs your help with his
new objectives.
 Identify and describe at least five risk factors that the patient has
for developing disorders of the cardiovascular system. Justify your
answer.
• Abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias.  A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an irregular heartbeat. Heart rhythm problems (heart
arrhythmias) occur when the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's beats don't work properly, this can happen to Jim because of his
high blood pressure
• Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome. Blood vessel changes: With Marfan syndrome, the walls of the blood vessels become weak and
dilate (stretch). These blood vessel changes often affect the aorta, the major artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It
says that some of his family had hypertension, so it can be also probable to have the Marfan syndrome that is hereditary
• Dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia refers to unhealthy levels of one or more kinds of lipid (fat) in your blood. If you have dyslipidemia, it usually
means your LDL levels or your triglycerides are too high. It can also mean your HDL levels are too low, the reasons are obesity that is the case
of Jim and the food high in saturated fat and trans fat
• Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries)  Coronary artery disease is the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich
blood to your heart. Plaque causes a narrowing or blockage that could result in a heart attack. Symptoms include chest pain or discomfort and
shortness of breath. It can be the most probable for him because of the relation with family, the high blood pressure and the high cholesterol.
• Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.  Blood clots called deep vein thrombi (DVT) often develop in the deep leg veins.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when clots break off from vein walls and travel through the heart to the pulmonary arteries. The
broader term venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to DVT, PE, or to a combination of both. It can be for Jim by the obesity, the hypertension
and immobilization.
Explain the function of the cardiovascular system by describing the cardiac cycle and how it relates to blood
pressure, how blood flows through the heart and the blood vessels, capillary exchange, and the function of all
the components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Use illustrations to
demonstrate functions.

• Blood: Blood is responsible of taking nutrients, vitamins oxygen

between other vital substances through the body, blood contain
different types of cells, like red cells, white cells and platelets, each
cell has its function in the blood.
Red cells: Are small disk shaped cells also known as Erythrocytes,
are the ones that carry the oxygen through the body and tissues.
White cells: Also known as leukocytes, this ones are very important
cells because are the ones that helps to fight infections and diseases
in the body
Platelets: This cells are in charge of making clots when we are injured
and stop or prevent the bleeding. 
Blood Plasma: Is a yellow substance that makes the blood to be liquid
and it contains vitamins and proteins and in this way this proteins are
distributed through the body. 
 The cardiovascular system includes 3 forms of blood vessels that
delivery blood: the arteries (and arterioles), which deliver blood
farfar from the coronary heart to the capillaries; the capillaries,
which permit gas, nutrient and waste change to take vicinity with
the tissues; and the veins (and venules), which go back blood
from the capillaries to the coronary heart.

Capillary exchange is the exchange of substances among the blood and the interstitial fluid. Two

forces manipulate the motion of fluid via the capillary wall: osmotic strain, that is created with the aid of
using plasma proteins and salts, and has a tendency to tug water from the tissues into the capillary; and
blood strain, which has a tendency to reason water to transport from the blood into the tissue fluid. At the
arterial stop of the capillary, blood strain is better than the osmotic strain.​
​
Blood Pressure: The blood this is pumped into the arteries exerts a stress upon their partitions called blood stress.
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is compelled into the aorta and from the aorta to different systemic arteries
below stress. Systolic stress is the stress of blood at the partitions of the arteries in the course of ventricular
systole, whilst diastolic stress is the stress at the partitions of the arteries in the course of ventricular systole.​
•ARTERIES carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They
are thick hollow tubes which are highly ELASTIC which allows
them to DILATE and constrict as blood is forced down them by
the heart. Arteries branch and re-branch, becoming smaller until
they become small ARTERIOLES which are even more elastic.

•The heart

•The heart is a hollow muscular organ which beats over 100,000

times a day to pump blood around the body's 60,000 miles of
blood vessels. The right side of the heart receives blood and
sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the left side receives
oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it out to the tissues of
the body. The Heart has three layers; the ENDOCARDIUM , the
EPICARDIUM , and MYOCARDIUM .

•The spleen
This is a large flat oval organ located below the diaphragm, it's main
function is to STORE BLOOD. 
 Explain the function of the respiratory system and
how it works with the cardiovascular system to
achieve respiration. Describe ventilation, external and
internal respiration. Include illustrations of each Ventilation
process.

• Circulatory and respiratory system work together to tranport the

oxygen through the body, the heart is responsible of making blood
circulate in the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins
and the lungs work with other organs such the trachea, bronchi,
alveoli among other and here we can see different process like the External
next ones:
• Ventilation: Is when you inhale air and when you exhale and the
alveoli interacts with the air of the atmosphere.
• External respiration: Is the exchange of gasses between the air in
the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Internal
• Internal respiration: This is an exchange of gasses too but
between the blood and the tissues 
Explain the functions of the urinary system by
describing the function of each organ, describe the
nephron and its blood supply, and finally describe
the process of urine formation using examples of
substances that are filtered, reabsorbed and
excreted. Use illustrations

•Function: The function of the urinary

system is to eliminate waste from the
body, monitor the blood volume
and pressure, control the levels of
metabolites and electrolytes and regulate
blood pH. We can find organs such as
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, nephrons
and the urethra
Organs
• Kidneys: They transform the waste into urine and they return vitamins, amino acids and
other vital substances to the blood stream.
• Neprhons: Are the ones that helps to separate nutrients from the waste in the kidneys and
produce urine.
• Ureters: Are valves that transport the urine from kidneys to the bladder.
• Bladder: It store the urine produced by the kidneys.
• Urethra: Is the valve where the urine comes out of our body
Calculate the patient’s BMI to determine his nutritional status, and
then make at least ten dietary recommendations to improve his
overall health.

• His tall is 1.80 meters and weigh 90 kilos so...

• His BMI is 27.8 that means that is in overweight

• Dietary recommendations
• Eat Well
Calories matter for weight-and some foods make it easier
for us to keep our calories in check. Healthy eating is a key
to good health as well as maintaining a healthy weight. It’s
not only what and how much we eat but also, it
seems, how we eat that’s important. Eat cereals, grains,
vegetables, fruit, seeds (sources of protein), among others.
• Drink water or other beverages that are naturally calorie-free.  

• Avoid the sugar drinks, fruit juice, and others type of drinks that are bad for
the health

•How to Avoid Overeating: Eat slowly, don’t skip the breakfast, eat healthy in
your house and eat small portions

• Eat mindfully. Taking time to think about why you’re actually eating is an

easy way to avoid needless calories.

• Stay Active doing exercise and don’t stay in the bed or sit down all the time

• For good health: 2.5 hours a week of moderate activity (brisk walking, slow
bike riding) or 1.25 hours a week of vigorous activity (running, fast bike
riding).

• Limit screen time Keep television/screen media time to no more than two

hours a day. The less, the better.

• Get enough sleep around 8.5 to 9.25 hours a night in adolescents

• Don’t be stressful about it relax but also maintain the dietary

References
• Healthy Weight Checklist. (2021, 9 April). Obesity Prevention Source.
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/diet-lifestyle-to-prevent-obesity/ 
• Coronary Artery Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments. (2021). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16898-coronary-artery-disease
• Heart arrhythmia - Symptoms and causes. (2021, 1 October). Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-arrhythmia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350668
• Marfan Syndrome: Causes, Signs, Diagnosis & Treatments. (2021). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17209-marfan-syndrome
• Roland, J. (2018, 29 September). Dyslipidemia: What You Need to Know. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/dyslipidemia
• Z, S. (2002, 17 September). Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis. Aha Journals.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.0000031167.64088.f6
• Matthew Hoffman. (2010, 27 abril). Human Anatomy: Blood - Red and White Cells, Plasma, Circulation, and More. WebMD. Recuperado 28 de
octubre de 2021, de https://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood
• Wikipedia contributors. (2021, 27 octubre). Blood plasma. Wikipedia. Recuperado 28 de octubre de 2021, de
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma
• Universidad TecMilenio || Bachillerato. (s. f.). Canvas. (2021, October 28) 
https://cursos.tecmilenio.mx/courses/68139/pages/my-course?module_item_id=270809