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Mechanics of Structures
Mechanics of Structures
Structures
Chapter 6
Deflection of Beams
6.1 Introduction
Because the design of beams is frequently governed by rigidity
rather than strength. For example, building codes specify limits
on deflections as well as stresses. Excessive deflection of a
beam not only is visually disturbing but also may cause damage
to other parts of the building. For this reason, building codes
limit the maximum deflection of a beam to about 1/360 th of its
spans.
A number of analytical methods are available for determining
the deflections of beams. Their common basis is the differential
equation that relates the deflection to the bending moment.
The solution of this equation is complicated because the
bending moment is usually a discontinuous function, so that
the equations must be integrated in a piecewise fashion.
Consider two such methods in this text:
Method of double integration The primary advantage of the
double- integration method is that it produces the equation for
the deflection everywhere along the beams.
Moment-area method The moment- area method is a
semigraphical procedure that utilizes the properties of the area
under the bending moment diagram. It is the quickest way to
compute the deflection at a specific location if the bending
moment diagram has a simple shape.
The method of superposition, in which the applied loading is
represented as a series of simple loads for which deflection
formulas are available. Then the desired deflection is computed
by adding the contributions of the component loads (principle
of superposition).
6.2 Double- Integration Method
Figure 6.1 (a) illustrates the bending deformation of a beam, the
displacements and slopes are very small if the stresses are below
the elastic limit. The deformed axis of the beam is called its
elastic curve. Derive the differential equation for the elastic
curve and describe a method for its solution.
(6.3b)
Where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to x ; that
is,
dv/dx = v ’, d2 v/dx2 = v ”, and so on.
b. Double integration of the differential equation
If EI is constant and M is a known function of x, integration
of Eq. (6.3b) yields
EIv' Mdx C1
(6.4)
A second integration gives
EIv Mdxdx C1 x C 2 (6.5)
max M max
w0 L 400 /12 8
33700
S 2S 12 2
psi
245.6
which close to the proportional limit of 35000 psi (P503) for
structural steel. The maximum displacement is very small
compared to the length of the beam even when the material is
stressed to its proportional limit.
Sample Problem 6.2
The simple supported beam ABC
in Fig.(a) carries a distributed
load of maximum intensity w0
over its span of length L.
Determine the maximum
displacement of the beam.
Solution
The bending moment and the elastic ( the dashed line in Fig. (a))
are symmetric about the midspan. Therefore, we will analyze
only the left half of the beam (segment AB).
Because of the symmetry, the reactions are
RA = RC = w0 L /4.
The bending moment in AB can be obtained from the free-body
diagram in Fig. (b), yielding
2
w L w
M 0 x 0
4
x
L ⎞
⎛x
⎟ w 3L2 x 4x 3
0
12L
⎜
⎝
⎠
3
EI "
w0
12
3L x 4x
2 3
L
EL' w0 ⎜ ⎛ 3L2 x 2 4⎞ (a)
12L ⎝ x ⎟ C1
⎠
2
w ⎛ L2 x 3 x5 ⎞
EI 0 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ C1x 2 (b)
12L ⎝ 2 5 ⎟⎠
C
The two constant can be evaluated from the following two
conditions on the the elastic curve of segment AB:
1. υ x = 0 =0 (no deflection at A due to the simple support).
EI w0 ⎜ ⎛ L2 x 3 x5 ⎞ C2 = 0
12L ⎝ 2 ⎟ C1 x 2
5C
2. υ’ x = L / 2 = 0⎠ ( due to symmetry, the slope at midspan is zero),
0 0 ⎜ ⎟ 1
3L ⎝ 8
12L
4
16
C
⎠
The equation of the elastic curve for segment AB:
EI w0 ⎜⎛
2 3 5 5w
L x x ⎞ 0
L 3
12L ⎝ ⎟ x
2w x
EI 0
960L
25L4 40L2 x 2 16x
5
4
⎠
By symmetry, the maximum
193
displacement occurs at midspan.
Evaluation Eq. (c) at x = L/2,
w ⎡ 2 4 w L 4
EI x L / 0 ⎛ L⎞ ⎛ L⎟⎞ ⎛L⎞
⎟⎢25L 40L2 ⎜ 16⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 120
0
2 960L ⎤⎝ 2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎜
The negative⎠⎢sign
⎣ indicates that the
⎥⎦ deflection is downard. The
maximum displacement is
w 0 L4
max xl / 2
Answer
120EI
Sample Problem 6.3
The simply supported wood beam ABC in Fig. (a) has the
rectangular cross section shown. The beam supports a
concentrated load of 300 N located 2 m from the left support.
Determine the maximum displacement and maximum slope angle
of the beam. Use E = 12 Gpa for the modulus of elasticity.
Neglect the weight of the beam.
Solution
The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area is
bh 3
I 3 1.7067 10 6 mm 4 1.7067 10 6 m
1280 12 4
40
Therefore, the flexural rigidity of the beam is
EI = (12×109)(1.7067×10-6)=20.48×103 N ˙ m 2
C2 = 0
(e)
50
0 3 3
50 3 2 3
3 support).
2.υ | x=3m = 0 (no 3deflection at C duetoC3the 4
C
3C3 + C4 = -400 N·m3 (f)
3.υ ’ | x=2m- =υ’| (the slope at B is continuous ).
x=2m+
50(2)2 + C1 = 50(2)2 + C4
C1 = C3 (g)
400 C2 C4 0
C1 C3 3 N m 2
Substituting the values of the constants and EI into Eqs.(a)-(d), we
obtain the following results:
50x 2 400 /
Segment AB '
3 3
2.441x 2 3
20.4810
6.510 10
50 / 3x 400 / 0.8138x 3 6.510x 10 3
2
20.48103
3x m
Segment BC 50x 2 150x 2 2 400 /
'
3 20.48103
2.441x 2 7.324x 2 2
50 / 3x 50x 2 3 400 /
6.150 1033
3 x 20.48103
0.81.38 x 3 2.44 x 2 3 6.150 x 10
3
m
The maximum displacement occurs where the slope of the elastic
curve is zero.This point is in the longer of the two segments,
Setting υ ’ = 0 in the segment AB
2.441x2 - 6.510=0 x = 1.6331 m,
lb . ft
t B/A
A
x' dt
A
d
Substituting d θ from Eq. (a)
BM (c)
t B/A x'
EI A
The right-hand
dx side of Eq.(c) represents the first moment of the
shaded area of the M/(EI) diagram in Fig. 6.5 (b) about point B.
Denoting the distance between B and the centroid C of this
area by x / B (read /B as “relative”to B”), we can write Eq.(c) as
M B
(6.9)
t B / A area of diagram A
x /B
Sign Conventions
The following rules of sign illustrated in Fig 6.7, apply to the
two moment-area theorems:
The tangential deviation tB/A is positive if B lies above the
tangent line drawn to the elastic curve at A, and negative if B
lies above the tangent line.
M
t B / A area of diagram BA B
x/
EI
Using the four subareas shown in Fig. (b) to compute the first
moment of the bending moment diagram about A, ( the constant
EI cancels)
1 16 1 1 ⎛ 20
8 8P⎜⎛ ⎟⎞ 4 48003 4 48006 4 9600
⎜
2 ⎝3 3 2 ⎝ 3
⎞
0 yields
which ⎠
⎟ P = 1537.5 lb Answer ⎠
Alternative Solution
There are other ways of drawing
the bending moment diagram by
parts. We could, for example,
replace the distributed loading
with the equivalent loading
shown in Fig. (d). The resulting
bending moment diagram by
parts in Fig. (e) has only three
parts: two parabolas and a
triangle. Setting the first moment
of the bending diagram
1 ⎛ 16 ⎞ 1 1
2
8 8 P ⎜ 8 19200 6 4 4800 7
3 3
⎝ 3
0
⎠
⎟
giving us as before, P = 1537.5 lb Answer
Sample Problem 6.9
The simply supported beam in Fig.(a) supports a concentrated load
of 300 N as shown Using EI = 20.48 × 103 N ‧ m 2 , determine (1)
the slope of the elastic curve at A, θ A . and (2) the displacement
at D, δ D .
Solution
Introduce a fixed support at C
and consider the reaction at
A to be an applied load, as
shown in Fig. (b). The
resulting bending moment
diagram is shown in Fig.(c).
The sketch of the elastic
curve
of the original beam in Fig. (d)
identifies the slope angle θ A
and the displacement δ D ,
where are to be found, together
with the tangential deviations
tC/A and tD/A.
Part1
The tangential deviation tC/A :
M
tC / A area of diagram CA C
EI
x/
Note that tC/A is position which
means that C is above the
reference tangent at A.
1 ⎡1
tC / A
20.481 3 ⎢23
⎣
0 3001.0
1 1 ⎤
1.0 300⎜⎛ ⎞
2 ⎝3
0.019531m
Assuming small slopes,
⎠⎟⎦⎥ we obtain from geometry of Fig.(d)
Answer
A tC / A
AC
0.019531
6.510103 rad 0.373o
3
Part 2
The tangential deviation of D relative to
A is
M
t D / A areaof diagram AD x / D
EI
Referring to Fig. (e) to obtain the first
moment about D of the bending
moment diagram between A and D.
1 ⎡1 ⎛1⎞⎤
t D/ A 3 ⎢ 1.0100 ⎜ ⎟ 0.813810
3
20.4810 ⎣ ⎝3
m2
From Fig.(d). we see that the ⎠
⎥ ⎦ displac ement
at D is
D A AD' t D / A 605101.0
0.813810 3
5.696103 m 5.70mm
Answer
Sample Problem 6.10
Determine the value of
E I δ at end D of the
overhanging beam in
Fig.(a).
Solution
Introduced a built-in
support at C and shown the
reaction at A as an applied
load. The result is two
beams that are cantilevered
from C.
The bending moment diagrams
by parts for these beams are
shown in Fig. (c).The elastic
curve of the original beam in
Fig. (d) was drawn is assuming
that the beam rotates
counterclockwise at C. The
correct direction is determined
from the sign of the tangential
deviation tA/C··
C
C D 2 ⎢ ⎣3
ft 3
348
EI 2
48
42 2 946lb ft 3
100 2 39 2
EI1 w0 5L4 12L2 b 2 8b 4
384
600 4
56 126 2
2 2
824 7625N
Figure 6.12(a) through (c) 384
m3
Similarly, the midspan displacement of the beam in Fig.(c) is
2
EI 2
w0 a
3L 2a 60096 36
2 2
2 2 662 .5N 3
96 2
1
2
m1