Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hiv/Aids in Pregnancy: Hassan I.N, Mmed 4
Hiv/Aids in Pregnancy: Hassan I.N, Mmed 4
800-1200
50,000
200
Undetectabl
e
Days Years Treatment begun
Major Steps in HIV Lifecycle
1. HIV attaches to CD4 cell &
releases RNA & enzymes
2. Enzyme Reverse
Transcriptase makes a DNA
copy of viral RNA
3. New viral DNA integrated
using enzyme integrase into
CD4 cell nucleus
4. New viral components
produced, using cell’s
“machinery”
5. These are assembled together
using enzyme protease
6. Then released as new
Susceptiblity of women to HIV infection
A.Biological Factors:
1) Langerhan cells at the cervix have affinity
to HIV-1 viral subtypes e.g.subtype E.
2).Early exposure to sex predispose them to STDs
and inflamation
B.Social Cultural Factors:
1).Gender inequality
women take care of the sick; have limited acess to information &
inadequate formal education;& lack of dicision making power
2).Lack of economic power—comercial sex
3).Cultural-wife cleansig ,inheritance, and dry sex.
Effect of pregnancy on disease HIV
Progression
In pregnancy both HIV negative and HIV infected women
there is a decline in CD4 cell counts and this is thought to
be due to hemo- dilution
Stillbirth:
evidence of increased risk
These include:
1. Viral Factors
2. Maternal factors
3. Obstetric factors
4. Neonatal factors
5. Postnatal factors
VIRAL FACTORS
Viral load:
high maternal viral load occurs in new infection
with HIV or advanced AIDS.
Viral strain:
transmission is higher with HIV-1 than HIV-2.
It is also higher with C and E subgroups.
Viral resistance:
pre-existing resistance to available ARV drugs
MATERNAL FACTORS
1. Placental infections e.g malaria
2. Genital tract infections
3. APH
4. PROM and/or choriomnionitis
5. Prolonged labour
6. Complicated deliveries eg breach delivery
OBSTETRIC FACTORS:
Mode of deliveries: elective CS reduces the risk
Intrapartum haemorrhage
Obstetric procedures:
early amniotomy,
episiotomies,
vacuum deliveries,
forceps
NEONATAL FACTORS:
Prematurity
Neonatal infections
oral thrush,
gastritis
POSTNATAL FACTORS:
Breast conditions eg
mastitis,
abscess,
nipple cracks
Pattern of infant feeding eg
Prolonged Breast Feeding,
Mixed feeding
PMTCT
Consists of 4 elements that are :
1. Primary prevention of HIV among women of
childbearing age and their partners
2. Prevention of unintended pregnancies among
women living with HIV
3. Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV from
mothers to their infants
4. Provision of treatment, care and support to women
living with HIV and their partners, infants, and
families
MEASURES TO REDUCE MTCT
During pregnancy:
Provide voluntary counseling and HIV testing
Diagnose and provide aggressive treatment of
malaria, STDs and other infections as early as
possible
Provide basic antenatal care including:
Education about MTCT and infant feeding
options
ART for MTCT
Risk reduction/safer sex measures
MEASURES TO REDUCE MTCT
2-NRTI/NtRTIs + 1-NNRTI
ART regimens for eligible pregnant women
The recommended first-line ART regimen for
pregnant women is
Tenofovir (TDF) 300 mg +Lamivudine (3TC)
300 mg + Efavirenz (EFV) 600 taken once a
day in a fixed dose combination tablet.
Anaemia EFV
Nephropathy TB
intolerance
Liver toxicity
Neuropathy
Lipodystrophy
LFT – Hepatotoxicity
RFT - Renal failure
FBC - Haematological toxicity
ARV prophylaxis for infant
Short term use of ARV medications in HIV
exposed infants to reduce HIV transmission from
mother to infant
Definitions
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF):
Feeding an infant ONLY breast milk and no other
liquids or solids, with the exception of multivitamins,
mineral supplements or medicines prescribed by a
HCW.
NB:
Women with HIV should be supported to feed their
infants in a manner that reduces risk of HIV
transmission
Ctd……….
Exclusive breastfeeding
is recommended for the first 6 months of life
unless replacement feeding is acceptable,
feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe
(AFASS) for the mother and infant.
Ctd……………
At 12 months:
If the child is either HIV-uninfected or of unknown
HIV status, breastfeeding should stop gradually (over a
period of one month).