CSC204

PRACTICAL APPROACH OF
OPERATING SYSTEM

PART 1 – BASIC OPERATING

SYSTEMS
CSC204

PART 1 – BASIC OPERATING SYSTEMS

Chapter 2 – OS Components and

Functions
2.1 Understanding OS
Components
2.1 Understanding OS
Components

The components in OS is called

MANAGERS. There are five
essential managers of every
operating system.
2.1 Understanding OS
Components

The managers are:

processor manager, memory
manager, file manager, I/O or
device manager and the network
manager.
2.1 Understanding OS
Components

Each manager works closely

with the other managers and
performs its unique role
regardless of which specific
operating system.
2.1 Understanding OS
Components

At the top is the USER

COMMAND INTERFACE, from
which users issue commands to
the operating system.
 2.1.1 User Command
Interface – CLI

 CLI (Command-Line Interface) is an

interface that accept type command.
 User has to write a command, a line
at a time. For examples:
 UNIX: cd, cp, ls.
 MS-DOS: dir, copy, md.
 2.1.1 User Command
Interface – GUI

 GUI (Graphical User Interface) is an

interface that allows user to give
commands by clicking on icons or
menus using a pointing device such
as a mouse.
 Use in Macintosh and Windows.
 2.1.2 Processor Manager

 In-charge of CPU.
 Allocate and monitor CPU execution.
 Two responsibilities:
 Handle jobs – by Job Scheduler.
 Handle process within jobs – by
Process Scheduler.
 2.1.3 Memory Manager

 In-charge of main memory or RAM.

 Allocate and de-allocate a portion of
memory.
 Protect the space in main memory.
 2.1.4 Network Manager

 In-charge of sharing resources in

network.
 Resources – hardware (such as CPUs,
printers, modems and disk drives)
and software (such as compilers,
application programs, and files).
 2.1.5 I/O or Device
Manager

 In-charge of every devices in

computer system.
 Schedulling the allocation of all
devices.
 Keep tracks the status of all devices.
 2.1.6 File Manager

 In-charge of every files in computer

system.
 Keeps track of every file in the
system – data files, program files,
compilers and application programs.
 Enforces restrictions on files.
 2.2 Modern Operating
Systems

 Microkernel
 Multithreading
 Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)
 Object oriented Design (OOD)
2.2.1 Microkernel OS
 2.2.1 Microkernel OS

 Developed in the 1980s .

 The main function is to provide
communication facility between the
client program and the various
services running in user spaces.
2.2.1 Microkernel OS

Benefits:
 New services can be added to
user space without modification
of Kernel.
 Provide more security and
reliability.
 2.2.1 Microkernel OS

Benefits:
 Support distributed and object-
oriented OS.
 Commonly used in embedded
applications.
2.2.2 Multithreading OS

Allow several threads running at

one time that have same or
different priorities.
Threads is known as light weight
process and used in implementing
network servers.
2.2.2 Multithreading OS

A thread is contained inside a

process.
Thread execution is the smallest
unit of processing that can be
scheduled by an operating system.
 2.2.2 Multithreading OS

Multiple threads can exist within

the same process and share
resources such as memory.
 2.2.2 Multithreading OS

On a single processor, multithreading

occurs by time-division multiplexing:
the processor switches between
different threads.
 2.2.2 Multithreading OS

On a multipriocessor, the threads

or tasks will actually run at the
same time, with each processor or
core running a particular thread or
task.
2.2.3 Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP)
 2.2.3 Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP)
SMP provides fast performance by
making multiple CPUs available to
complete individual processes
simultaneously (multiprocessing).
 2.2.3 Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP)
 Any idle processor can be assigned
any task, and additional CPUs can
be added to improve performance.
 SMP systems can easily move tasks
between processors to balance the
workload efficient.
 2.2.3 Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP)
 SMP uses a single operating system
and shares common memory and
disk input/output resources.
 Each CPU in an SMP system can act
independently.
 UNIX and Windows NT support SMP.
 2.2.3 Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP)
 SMP uses a single operating system
and shares common memory and
disk input/output resources.
 Each CPU in an SMP system can act
independently.
 UNIX and Windows NT support SMP.
2.2.4 Object Oriented
Design (OOD)
In OOD operating system, K
kernel resides in memory at
all times, performs essential
tasks, and protected by
hardware.
2.2.4 Object Oriented
Design (OOD)
Kernel re-organization:
Memory resident – only for
few essential functions, such
as process scheduling and
memory allocation.
2.2.4 Object Oriented
Design (OOD)
Kernel re-organioization:
Modules – all other functions,
such as device allocation, are
not allowed reside in main
memory at all time.
2.2.4 Object Oriented
Design (OOD)
Advantage:
Modification and customization
without disrupting integrity of
the remainder of the system so
that software development can
be more productive.
2.2.4 Object Oriented
Design (OOD)