Unit 4.

1
Steps in Writing Process
 Steps in Writing Process
Prewriting

• Step I - Choose a Topic

•Step II - Gather ideas

•Step III - Organise

 Steps in Writing Process
Drafting

• Step IV - Writing

Read Page # 3 of Academic Writing – From Paragraph to Essay.

 Steps in Writing Process
Reviewing & Revising

• Step V - Review Structure & Content

Read Page # 3 of Academic Writing – From Paragraph to Essay.

 Steps in Writing Process
Rewriting

• Step VI - Revise Structure & Content

• - Proofread
• - Make final Corrections

Read Page # 3 of Academic Writing – From Paragraph to Essay.

 Unit 4.2
Methods of Brainstorming
 Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a way of gathering ideas about a topic. Think of a
storm : thousands of drops of rain, all coming down together. Now,
imagine thousands of ideas ‘raining’ down onto your paper !

When you brainstorm write every idea that comes to your mind.
Don’t worry now about whether the ideas are good or silly, useful
or not. Your task is to gather as many ideas as you can.
Methods of
Brainstorming
1. Making a List

Write single words or a phrases

or sentences related to your topic
and create a list.
Brainstorming
Methods of
Brainstorming
2. Free Writing

When you free write, you write

whatever comes into your head about
your topic, without stopping for just 5 to 10 minutes.
Freewriting
Methods of
Brainstorming
3. Mapping

To make a map, use the whole sheet of

paper, and write your topic in the middle, with a circle around it.
Write other ideas in circles above or below and connect all circles
with lines.
Mind
mapping
Methods of
Brainstorming
4. Questioning

In questioning, you generate ideas

and details by asking questions about your subject. Such questions
include why, when, where, who, and how. Ask as many questions as
you can think of.
Preparing a Scratch Outline

In a scratch outline, you think

carefully about the point you are
making, the supporting items
for that point, and the order in
which you will arrange those
items. The scratch outline is a
plan or blueprint to help you
achieve a unified, supported,
well-organized essay.
Fill in the gaps:
 Unit 4.3
Paragraph Writing
Paragraph
A paragraph is a collection of sentences that deal with one subject.

All paragraphs contain a topic sentence, which is often, but not always,
the first. Other components vary according to the nature of the topic.
Introductory paragraphs often contain definitions, and descriptive
paragraphs include a lot of detail. Other sentences give examples and
offer reasons and restatements.
Paragraph Organisation

a. The topic sentence

b. The supporting sentences
c. The concluding sentence
Read the following Paragraph.
The way we use banks is currently changing.2. This is partly because of
1.

the introduction of new technology in the last ten years.3. The personal
computer and the internet, for instance, allow customers to view their
accounts at home and perform operations such as moving money
between accounts.4. At the same time banks are being reorganised in
ways that affect both customers and staff.5. In the past five years over
3,000 bank branches have closed in Britain.6.The banks have discovered
that staffing call centres is cheaper than running a branch network.
The structure of a paragraph is:
1. Topic sentence - The way we use banks …
2. Reason - This is partly because …
The
3. Example - The personal computer … Supporting
Sentences
4. Details - At the same time banks …
5. Further details/- In the past five …
Example/Reason
6. Concluding sentence The banks have discovered …
Activity 1
Choose three topics from this list. List as many ideas as you can in
five minutes. Narrow each of the three down to a paragraph topic.
Then compare with a partner.
a. festivals
b. friends
c. my country
d. transportation
e. health
Activity 2

Choose a topic from Activity 1 and make a map

in 5 minutes. Explain how the circles are related
to eachother.
Activity 3

Modify the topics given in Activity 1 to

make them academic ones.
Activity 4

Read the
paragraph. It is
the beginning of
an article about
Switizerland in
a student
newspaper.
Now, answer the following:

a. What is the topic of the paragraph?

b. What is the main idea about the topic?
c. Which ideas help explain the topic.
 References
Bailey, S. (2014). Academic writing: A handbook for International
Students (4th ed.). Routledge.

Langan, J. (2011). College writing skills with Reading (8th ed.).

McGraw Hill.

Zemach, D. E., & Rumisek, L. A. (2005). Academic Writing: From

Paragraph to Essay. Macmillan.