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Foundation 1 - Lesson 1
Foundation 1 - Lesson 1
Sanskrit Foundation 1
वक्र – तुण्ड Curved trunk कु रु Make
महा - काय Large bodied मे My
कोटि - सूर्य Ten million suns देव Lord
सम – प्रभ Brilliance equal to सर्व - कार्येषु In all tasks
निर् – विघ्नं Without obstacles सर्वदा Always
Will I need to be part of a study group? I encourage formation of small study-groups (5-6 people each)
to help in peer-learning, practicing, discussing topics, revision, etc.
Will there be a WhatsApp group made? Yes, there will be 2 groups:
Foundation Class Group: In this group, I will post class materials, PDF, Zoom link, video recording of
class, homework, announcements, etc. This will be a admin-posting only group
Foundation General Group: In this group, all group members can post doubts, ask questions on
topics we covered in class (don’t hesitate, there is no silly question)!
In this group, you can also post interesting forwards/messages related to our Dharma, Ayurveda,
Spirituality, Indian Culture, Classical Music, History, Sanskrit News, etc.
Please DONT post material on politics, jokes, random topics, unrelated to Sanskrit in any way,
offensive material, promotions/ads, etc.
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Some Unique Features of Sanskrit
ENGLISH HINDI KANNADA SANSKRITAM
One Boy एक लड़का ಒಬ್ಬ ಹುಡುಗ एकः बालकः
Presence of a dual number Two Boys दो लड़के ಇಬ್ಬರು ಹುಡುಗರು द्वौ बालकौ
Many Boys अनेक लड़के ಅನೇಕ ಹುಡುಗರು अनेकाः बालकाः
Word order does not change meaning [ रामः फलं खादति , फलं खादति रामः , खादति फलं रामः ….]
Every word in Sanskritam has a meaning and is derived from a root (धातु is root of
verb, प्रातिपदिकम् is root of noun) Sanskrit Foundation 1
How can I use the Online Sanskrit dictionary?
https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/
Enter a word in English to get its Sanskrit equivalent
Enter a word in Sanskrit to get its English meaning
Also use it to know the gender of a word (male, female, neuter)
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Which is a good hard copy of Sanskrit-English dictionary to have?
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Chapter 1
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Alphabets ( वर्णमाला)
Compound letters
• गुणिताक्षराः
• संयुक्ताक्षराः
Sanskrit Foundation 1
वर्णमाला (alphabets)
स्वराः (vowels) व्यञ्जनानि (consonants)
“स्वयं राजन्ते इति स्वराः”
हृस्व दीर्घ प्लुत
अ आ अ3 Unit of time
इ ई इ3 स्वरः मात्रा
उ ऊ उ3 ह्रस्व 1
ऋ ऋ3 दीर्घ 2
लृ प्लुत 3
लृ3
ए ए3
ऐ ऐ3
ओ ओ3
औ औ3 Sanskrit Foundation 1
वर्णमाला
स्वराः (vowels) व्यञ्जनानि (consonants)
क् + अ = क
वर्गीय
व्यञ्जनानि
हलन्त ''क''
अवर्गीय
अयोगवाहौ व्यञ्जनानि
अनुस्वार विसर्ग व्यञ्जनम् मात्रा
अं अः Any 0.5
Sanskrit Foundation 1
श्लोकः that explains differences in मात्रा of अक्षराः
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Scientific classification of sounds in Sanskrit
तालव्य
मूर्धन्य
दन्त्य
महाप्राण
अन्तस्थ
ओष्ठ्य
ऊष्माण
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Ref: https://www.bolochant.com/blog/sanskrit-pronunciation
Scientific classification of sounds in Sanskrit
(No need to memorize, only for reference)
Sanskrit Foundation 1
व्यञ्जन + स्वर = गुणिताक्षर eg: क् + अ = क
गुणिताक्षर क्
+
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ
क का कि की क
ु क
ू क
ृ क
े क
ै को कौ
Sanskrit Foundation 1
गुणिताक्षर
क्
+ . .
अं आं इं ईं उं ऊं ऋ एं ऐं ओं औं
क
ं कां ं
कि कीं क
ुं क
ूं क
ृ क
ें क
ैं कों कौं
क्
+
..
अः आः इः ईः उः ऊः ऋः एः ऐः ओः औः
कः का ः किः की ः क
ु ः क
ू ः क
े ः क
ै ः को ः कौ ः
Sanskrit Foundation 1
संयुक्ताक्षर
ख् + व = ख्व क् +च =क्च द् +व =द्व
ग् +व =ग्व क् +ल =क्ल ड् +व = ड्व
ग् + ल = ग्ल ह् +ल =ह्ल
प् + च = प्च
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Ref: A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, A.A.MacDonell
List of संयुक्ताक्षर - For reference
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Ref: A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, A.A.MacDonell
List of संयुक्ताक्षर - For reference
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Ref: A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, A.A.MacDonell
Rules
of
Writing Sanskrit
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Do I write रामं or रामम् ? When अनुस्वार comes at end of a word
RULE 1
When a स्वर (vowel) comes after it, the अनुस्वार becomes म्
फलम् इच्छति
गृहम् आगच्छति
RULE 2
When a व्यञ्जन (consonant) comes after it, the अनुस्वार becomes a dot
फलं पतति
गृहं गच्छति
रामं पश्यति
RULE 3
When the अनुस्वार comes at the end of a sentence/line, it becomes म्
तत् फलम् |
तत् पर्णम् | Sanskrit Foundation 1
Identify the error in writing
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Do I write वंदना or वन्दना ?
RULE 1
When अनुस्वार comes in middle of a word
When the अनुस्वार sound comes before a वर्गीय व्यञ्जन, it takes the 5th letter of that वर्ग
कङ्कणम् / अङ्गम्
चञ्चला / अञ्जनम्
घण्टा / भाण्डम्
तन्तुः / अन्धः
पम्पा / अम्बु
RULE 2
When the अनुस्वार sound comes before a अवर्गीय व्यञ्जन, it takes the बिन्दु (dot)
संयाति संवाद
संरक्षण अंशु
संलाप संसार
संहार Sanskrit Foundation 1
Identify the error in writing
Sanskrit Foundation 1
णत्वम्
Why do we say रामेण / पुरुषेण , but कृ ष्णेन / अर्जुनेन ?
Why do we say पत्राणि / पुष्पाणि, but फलानि / वाक्यानि ?
RULE 1
[ENABLERS]
Whenever there is ऋ/ र / ष in the word, the following न changes to ण
रामेण गुरुणा
पुरुषेण हरिणा
ब्रह्मणा धर्मेण
रमण प्रकारेण
हर्षेण मनुष्येण
Sanskrit Foundation 1
णत्वम्
RULE 2
[BLOCKERS]
If the following are present between र / ष in the word, then न does not change
to ण
Examples:
च वर्ग रचना, महाराजेन
ट वर्ग रटनेन, भूषणेन
त वर्ग रक्तेन, रथेन, राधामाधवेन
ल,श,स रामिलेन, राशिना, शरू सेनेन
Note:
• If the क वर्ग/ प वर्ग/य/व/ह are present, they cannot block the conversion of न to ण
• If the ending of the word is न् (हलन्त) then it remains न् even though enablers are there
Eg: रामान्
Sanskrit Foundation 1
णत्वम्
Identify the correct word
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation of विसर्ग
1. What is जिव्हामूलीय ?
जिव्हा=Tongue मूल = Root/base
Whenever विसर्ग comes before a क / ख, it
is pronounced as जिव्हामूलीय
रामः कथयति |
वसन्तसमये प्राप्ते काकः काकः भवति|
रघोत्तमः खरदूषणौ मारितवान्|
https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue
बालकः खगान् पश्यति|
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation of विसर्ग
2. What is उपध्मानीय ?
उपध्मान = Lip
गुरुः पश्यति
हरिः पिबति
गजः पातुं गच्छति
सूर्यः पश्चिमे अस्तङ्गतः http://my.ilstu.edu/~jsawyer/resonancesoftchalk/resonancesoftchalk_print.html
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation of विसर्ग
Written Pronounced
गुरुः शेते [ गुरुश्शेते ]
हरिः शपति [ हरिश्शपति ]
गजः षष्ठि [ गजष्षष्ठि ]
सर्यू ः सवित ृ [ सर्यू स्सवित ृ ]
रामः सीताम् अवदत् [ रामस्सीताम् ]
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation of अवग्रह [prolonged sound]
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation of अनुस्वार
1. If the letter following the अनुस्वार is a वर्गीय व्यञ्जनम्, the अनुस्वार sound is
pronounced as the 5th letter of that वर्ग
Written Pronounced
मित्रं यतते (मित्रम्यतते)
चित्रं रचयति (चित्रम्रचयति)
पुष्पं लसति (पुष्पम्लसति)
पत्रं वर्धते (पत्रम्वर्धते)
देवं श्लाघते (देवम्श्लाघते)
राक्षसं हन्ति (राक्षसम्हन्ति)
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation practice: Shlokas
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation practice
1.
Sanskrit Foundation 1
2. Pronunciation practice
Sanskrit Foundation 1
3. Pronunciation practice
Sanskrit Foundation 1
4. Pronunciation practice
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Pronunciation practice
5.
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Sanskrit conversation
(सम्भाषणम्)
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Sanskrit conversation -1
नमस्ते ! सुप्रभातम्
हरिः ॐ ! सुप्रभातम्
भवतः नाम किम् ?
मम नाम रमेशः|
भवत्याः नाम किम्?
मम नाम निशा |
भवान् कु त्र वसति?
अहं सिड्नी नगरे वसामि |
भवती कु त्र वसति ?
अहं बेङ्गलूरू नगरे वसामि|
भवान् किम् उद्योगं करोति?
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Images: <a href="https://www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/indian-man">Indian Man Vectors by Vecteezy</a> <a href="https://www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/indian-woman">Indian Woman Vectors by Vecteezy</a>
Sanskrit conversation -1
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Images: <a href="https://www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/indian-man">Indian Man Vectors by Vecteezy</a> <a href="https://www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/indian-woman">Indian Woman Vectors by Vecteezy</a>
Reading practice
Sanskrit Foundation 1
Reading Practice -1