BONE

DR. KUSH PATHAK

BONE TISSUE

• Bone tissue
• is a specialized form of connective tissue and is the main
element of the skeletal tissues.

• is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix in which

fibers are embedded.

• Unlike other connective tissues in that the extracellular

matrix becomes calcified.
2 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE:

1. Compact (Cortical) bone

2. Spongy (Cancellous) bone

COMPACT BONE
• Also called as Cortical bone

• As its name implies. . .

• “cortical” bone forms the cortex or outer shell of most
bones.
• “compact” bone is much denser than cancellous bone.
Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than
cancellous bone.

• The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is

the osteon.
• 3 Distinct Layering of Compact Bone:
• Circumferential lamella
• Concentric lamella
• Interstitial lamella

• Functions:
• facilitates to support the whole body
• protect organs
• provide levers for movement
• store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium.
DISTINCT LAYERING OF COMPACT BONE
• Circumferential Lamellae
• enclose the entire adult bone, forming its outer perimeter

• Concentric Lamellae
• make up the bulk of compact bone and form the basic
metabolic unit of bone, the osteon

• Interstitial Lamellae
• interspersed between adjacent concentric lamellae and fill the
spaces between them
SPONGY BONE
• Also called Cancellous bone or Trabecular bone

• Compared to compact bone, cancellous bone has a higher

surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff.

• Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red

bone marrow where hematopoiesis occurs.

• The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone

is the trabecula.
FUNCTIONS:

1. Support: provides framework that supports and

anchors all soft organs.

2. Protection: skull and vertebrae surround soft tissue

of the nervous system, and the rib cage protects vital
thoracic organs.

3. Movement: skeletal muscles use the bones as levers

to move the body.
4. Storage: fat stored in the interior of the bones. Bone
matrix serves as a storehouse for various minerals.

5. Blood Cell Formation: hematopoiesis occurs within

the marrow cavities of the bones.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE:

Developmentally Histologically By shape

Endochondral Compact (Cortical) Long bones

bone Bone
Intramembranous Spongy Short bones
bone (Cancellous) Bone

Flat bones

Irregular bones
A. Endochondral bone

• Where bone is preceded by a cartilaginous model

that is eventually replaced by bone, in a process
termed as endochondral ossification.

B. Intramembranous bone

• Where bone forms directly w/in a vascular,

fibrous membrane.
COMPACT BONE LINING TOOTH SOCKET CALLED CRIBRIFORM
PLATE , IT’S APPEARANCE IS PRODUCED BY NUMEROUS
VASCULAR CANALS (VOLKMANN’S CANALS).
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE
• 60 % Inorganic material Composition of bones
• is formed from carbonated
hydroxyapatite

Inorganic
Substances
• 25 % Organic material Organic
• mainly composed of Type I collagen Substances
Water
• The organic part is also composed
of various growth factors:
• glycosaminoglycans osteocalcin,
osteonectin, bone sialo protein,
osteopontin and Cell Attachment  15% Water
Factor.

14
ORGANIC MATRIX

Non collagenous proteins

• Comprise 10% of the total organic content.

• Most are produced by bone cells , others are derived

from other sources like blood ( e.g cytokines, growth
factors).
1.Proteoglycans
2.Glycoproteins
3.Bone Gla containing proteins
4.Serum proteins

Some have bone formative aspects while others are

involved with bone resorption.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF BONE
• Bone Cells
• Osteoblasts – are mononucleate cells that are
responsible for bone formation

• Osteocytes – When osteoblasts become trapped in

the matrix they secrete, they become osteocytes.

• Osteoclasts – is a type of bone cell that removes

bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and
breaking up the organic bone
• Bone Matrix
• is the intercelluar substance of bone consisting of
collagenous fibers ground substances & inorganic
salts

• Sharpey’s Fibers
• Are a matrix of connective tissue consisting of
bundles of collagenous fibers connecting periosteum
to bone

• Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels

CELL TYPES IN BONE
A.Osteoblasts
 Mesenchymal origin.
 Found in active bone.
Functions

I. Secrete the organic matrix of bone.

II. Secretes molecules controlling it’s own activity e.g.

growth factors.
III. Release molecules that affect the activity of
osteoclasts.

IV. Have receptors for hormones that help regulate bone

metabolism ; parathyroid hormone, sex steroids.
B. Osteocytes
 They are the entrapped osteoblasts within the bone.

 In constant communication with osteoblasts and bone

lining cells.

 They have numerous slender processes of actin

filaments that extend to the canaliculi.

 The processes of osteocytes are connected by gap

junctions and the superficial ones are in contact with
cells lining bone surface.
 They are uniformly distributed and undergo apoptosis.

 Regarded as primary mechanoreceptors in cases of

stress.
C. Bone lining cells
 On the surface of bone when not in formative or
resorptive phase .
 Flattened cells, with no osteoid present.

Functions:
1.Calcium and phosphate metabolism.
2.Protect surface from resorptive activity of osteoclasts.
3.Initiate bone remodeling.
4.Could be a source of osteoproginetor cells.
D.OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS

 They are stem cells.

 Found in the layer of cells beneath osteoblasts ,

periodontal ligament or in marrow spaces.

 Their life cycle may involve up to 8 divisions before

reaching osteoblast.
OSTEOCLASTS
• Derived from monocytes/macrophage linage
(hematopoietic origin).
• Resorbing surfaces are called Howship’s lacunae ,
osteoclasts lie in it.
Osteoclasts when active:
• Ruffled border (near bone).
• Sealing zone.
• Functional secretory domain.
• Basolateral surface.
• Osteoclasts have important receptors for calcitonin,
prostaglandins, RANK and parathyroid hormone.

• Resorption occurs in two stages : first the mineral

stage is removed .

• Later the remaining organic matrix is removed.

To provide low PH for dissolving the mineral stage,
osteoclasts secrete protons across ruffled border by
means of ATPase proton pump.

The organic matrix is then exposed in the resorbing

lacunae then degraded by enzymes (MMP, lysosomal
and non-lysosomal enzymes) .
OSSIFICATION

• Also called Osteogenesis

• is the natural process of bone formation
• There are two processes resulting in the formation of
normal, healthy bone tissue:
• Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Bone
Ossification
• The formation of bone in which a cartilage template
is gradually replaced by a bone matrix, as in the
formation of long bones or in osteoarthritic
ossification of synovial cartilage.

• Intramembranous Bone Ossification

• the development of bone from tissue or membrane,
as in the formation of the skull.
ALVEOLAR BONE
• Also called as alveolar process
• The specialized bone structure
that contains the alveoli or
sockets of the teeth and
supports the teeth.
• If the teeth are lost the alveolar
process disappears
• It is composed mainly of two
parts:
• alveolar bone proper
• Supporting bone
• Thicker in the mandible than maxilla

• Generally greater on the lingual than on the buccal/facial side.

 GROSS MORPHOLOGY OF BONE

• Alveolar Socket
• Also called Dental
alveolus
• are sockets in the
jaws in which the
roots of teeth are held
in the alveolar
process with the
periodontal ligament.
Alveolar socket of the second
premolar tooth in a bovine
maxillary bone.
• The alveolar process
contains a region of
compact bone adjacent to
the periodontal ligament
called Lamina dura.

• Maxilla and Mandible

• Are the tooth-bearing
bones
• Interdental Septa

• “Septa” – in Latin, it means “fence” or “wall”

• Are plates of bone that separate each individual
sockets from one another.

• Inter radicular Septa

• Are thin plates of bone that separate the roots of
multi-rooted teeth
• Cribriform Plate
• also called as bundle bone

• Is the compact layer of bone lining the tooth socket

(alveolar socket)

• Reflects the sieve-like appearance produced by

numerous Volkmann’s canals passing from the
alveolar bone to the PDL (periodontal ligament).

• Numerous Sharpey’s Fiber pass through it.

CORTICAL PLATE

• Outer bony plate of varying thickness, which is the outside wall of the
maxilla and mandible, covered with periosteum

• Consists of haversian systems (osteons) and interstitial lamellae

• Lamina Dura
• this part which is attached
to the cementum of the
roots by the periodontal
ligament.
• Is the bone lining the
alveolus
• In clinical radiographs, it
commonly appears as a
dense white line. Lamina Dura
Radiographic appearance of
alveolar bone proper as ‘Lamina
Dura’
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF ALVEOLAR PROCESS

• Alveolar process of the maxilla

• Anterior and posterior alveolar arteries (branch
from the maxilla and infraorbital arteries)

• Alveolar process of the mandible

• Inferior alveolar arteries (internal)

• Periosteal branches of submental and buccal
arteries (external)