Anatomy of the Abdomen

Samara University
Biomedical Sciences Department
 Outline
• Abdominal cavity • Abdominal viscera
• Anterolateral abdominal
wall
• Peritoneum and
peritoneal cavity
• Posterior abdominal wall
– Digestive system organs
• Esophagus, Stomach
• Small intestine, Large
intestine
• Liver, Pancreas
• Gallbladder and billiary
tract , Spleen
– Urinary system organs
• Kidneys
• Ureter
 Introduction
• Abdomen is part of the trunk between the
thorax and the pelvis
• It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing
most of the organs of the digestive system and
part of the urogenital system
• The abdomen is able to enclose and protect its
contents
 Abdominal cavity
• The major part of the abdominopelvic cavity
• Located between the diaphragm and the pelvic
inlet
• The location of most digestive organs, parts of
the urogenital system (kidneys and most of the
ureters), and the spleen
• Lined with peritoneum
 Regions of abdomen
• Clinicians subdivide abdomen into 9 regions to locate
abdominal organs, pain sites, swelling or incision
• Delineated by 4 planes
• Two horizontal
– Subcostal plane: passing through inferior border of 10th
costal cartilage
– Transtubercular plane: passing through iliac tubercles and
body of L5 vertebra
 Regions of abdomen
• Two vertical
– Midclavicular planes:
passing from midpoints
of clavicles to
midinguinal points
 Regions of abdomen
• Two useful landmarks on the abdominal wall
– Transpyloric plane
• Lies midway between the jugular notch and the pubis
symphisis
• Useful landmark because it also transects many other
important structures: fundus of gallbladder, neck of
pancreas, origins of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
and portal vein, root of the transverse mesocolon,
duodenojejunal junction, and hila of the kidneys
 A hand’s breadth
below the
xipisternum

Iliac crest
L4/5 – the
mark for
lumbar
puncture
 Regions of abdomen
• For general clinical descriptions,
clinicians divide abdomen into 4
quadrants defined by 2 planes
– Transumbilical plane: passing
through umbilicus and disc
between L3 and L4 vertebrae
– Median plane: longitudinal plane
dividing the body into right and
left halves
 Abdominal walls
• Subdivided into
– Anterior wall
– Lateral walls
– Posterior wall
• Boundary between anterior and lateral walls is
indefinite thus called anterolateral wall
 Anterolateral abdominal wall
• Extends from thoracic • The wall consists of
cage to pelvis – Skin
• During a physical – Subcutaneous tissue
examination, the – Muscles and their
anterolateral wall is aponeuroses
inspected, palpated, – Deep fascia
percussed, and – Extraperitoneal fat
auscultated – Parietal peritoneum
 Fascia of anterolateral abdominal wall
• The fascial layers from superficial to deep include
Extraperitoneal Fascia
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) • Lies deep to the muscles, it separates
the muscles from the peritoneum
• Inferior to the umbilicus,
• Contains
the subcutaneous tissue – Fat, blood vessels and organs such
here has two layers: as kidneys and pancreas which are
– Superficial fatty layer (camper retroperitoneal
fascia) • Extends into the mesentery with
– Deep membranous layer blood vessels, nerves and
lymphatics.
(scarpa fascia)
 Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

• 5 muscles: 3 flat and 2 • Vertical muscles

vertical – Rectus abdominis
• Flat muscles – Pyramidalis
– External oblique
– Internal oblique
– Transverse abdominal
 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Cont’d…

External Oblique Internal Oblique

• Superficial • Intermediate
• Fibers pass inferomedially and • Origin – thoracolumbar
interdigitate with serratus fascia, iliac crest
anterior
• Insertion – inferior borders
• The inferior margin of the
of last 3 ribs, linea alba,
external oblique aponeurosis
is thickened called inguinal
ligament
 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Cont’d…

Transverse abdominal Rectus abdominis

• Inner most • Long, broad
• Origin - inguinal • Enclosed in rectus sheath
ligament, • The fibers do not run the length
thoracolumbar fascia of the muscle but run between 3
– Fibers run horizontally or more tendinous intersections
• Insertion - linea alba, – Located at levels of xiphoid process,
umbilicus and halfway between the
pubic crest two pubic bones.
 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Cont’d…

Pyramidalis
• A small triangular muscle lies
in rectus sheath anterior to
inferior part of rectus
abdominis.
• Ends in linea alba and tenses it
• Variable; absent in about 20%
of people
 Rectus Sheath
• All 3 muscles end anteriorly
in a sheet like aponeuroses.
• Between midclavicular and
midline they forms rectus
sheath.
• The rectus sheath –
– is the strong, incomplete
fibrous compartment of the
rectus abdominis and A. Transverse section through the upper
pyramidalis muscles. three-quarters of the rectus sheath.
B. Transverse section through the lower one-
quarter of the rectus sheath.
Functions and Actions Of Muscles
• The muscles of the anterolateral abdominal
wall:
– Form a strong expandable support for the
anterolateral abdominal wall
– Protect the abdominal viscera from injury
– Maintain or increase the intra-abdominal pressure
– Move the trunk and help maintain posture
 Inguinal Region
• The area between anterior
superior iliac spine and pubic
tubercle
• A region where structures
enter and exit abdominal cavity
• Weak area in the abdominal
wall
• Potential sites of herniation.
• Inguinal ligament
– Inferior part of external
oblique aponeurosis
• Iliopubic tract
– Thickened inferior margin
of transversalis fascia
– Run parallel and posterior
to inguinal ligament.
External Oblique

Aponeurosis of
Anterior Superior External Oblique
Iliac Spine

Inguinal
Ligament

Superficial
Inguinal Ring

Pubic tubercle
 Inguinal canal
• Oblique passage (4 cm long)
inferomedially directed at
inferior margin of anterior
abdominal wall
• The path taken by the testis
during its descent
• It is bounded by the deep and
superficial inguinal rings.
• Contents
– Spermatic cord in males
and
– Round ligament of uterus
in females
– blood and lymphatic
vessels and the ilioinguinal
nerve in both sexes.
 Inguinal canal: openings
• The inguinal canal has an opening at each end
• Superficial (external) inguinal ring
– The exit by which the spermatic cord in males, or the
round ligament in females, emerges from the inguinal
canal
• Deep (internal) inguinal ring
– internal entrance to the inguinal canal
– Evagination of transversalis fascia
Inguinal canal: openings
 Spermatic cord
• Contains structures running to and from the testis
and suspends the testis in the scrotum
• Fascial coverings
• Internal spermatic fascia: derived from the transversalis
fascia
• Cremasteric fascia: derived from the fascia of both the
superficial and the deep surfaces of the internal oblique
muscle
• External spermatic fascia: derived from the external oblique
aponeurosis and its investing fascia
Contents of the spermatic cord
1. Ductus deferens: 7. Lymphatic vessels:
2. Testicular artery: 8. Vestige of the
3. Artery of the ductus processus vaginalis:
deferens: 9. Genital branch of the
4. Cremasteric artery: genitofemoral nerve:
5. Pampiniform venous
plexus:
6. Sympathetic nerve fibers:
 Scrotum
• Cutaneous sac
consisting of two layers
– Skin
– Dartos fascia
• Skin is heavily
pigmented and covered
with sparse hairs.
 Testes
• The testes - Are the male gonads that
– Produce the male germ cells (sperms, or
spermatozoa) and
– Male hormones, primarily testosterone.
• The testes are suspended in the scrotum by the
spermatic cord, with the left testis (testicle)
usually suspended (hanging) more inferiorly than
the right testis
 Testes Cont’d…
• It is surrounded by two tunics
– Tunica vaginalis: outer;
derived from the
peritoneum
– Tunica albuginea: deep;
fibrous capsule; thickens
into a ridge on its internal,
posterior aspect as the
mediastinum of the testis
 Epididymis
• The epididymis is an elongated structure on the
posterior surface of the testis
• Consists of head, body, and tail
– In the lengthy course of this convoluted duct, the
sperms are stored and continue to mature.
• Functions in maturation and storage of sperm
Surface Anatomy
 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
• The peritoneum of the abdominal cavity is the
most extensive serous membrane.
• It lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the
viscera
• Two layers :
– Visceral peritoneum: covers the external surface of
most digestive organs
– Parietal peritoneum: lines the walls of the
abdominopelvic cavity
 Peritoneal Cavity
• The peritoneal cavity,
– Is a slit like potential space
Between the two layers
• The serous fluid lubricates
the mobile digestive
organs, allowing them to
glide easily across one
another.
 Peritoneal cavity Cont’d…
• The peritoneal cavity is completely closed in
males.
– There is a communication pathway in females to
the exterior of the body through the uterine
tubes, uterine cavity, and vagina
• This communication constitutes a potential
pathway of infection from the exterior
 Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal organs
• Some organs protrude only slightly are called
retroperitoneal. E.g. kidneys
• Others protrude further into peritoneal sac and are
covered on each side with peritoneum
– E.g. ascending colon
• Some other organs protrude completely into the sac
are completely covered with visceral peritoneum
– E.g. Stomach, jejunum
 Greater omentum
• Double sheet folds back upon
itself; four-layered
• From attachments along
greater curvature of stomach
and duodenum it extends
downward anterior to small
intestine and turns upward
and attaches to transverse
colon
 Lesser omentum
• Arises as two folds in
serosa of stomach and
duodenum and attach to
liver.
• Extends from inferior
portion of liver to lesser
curve of stomach and 1st
part of duodenum
 Mesentery
• A mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum
that encloses small intestine to the posterior
abdominal wall.
• Mesenteries provide routes for blood vessels,
lymphatics and nerves to reach the digestive
viscera.
Mesentery Cont’d…
The digestive system
 Functions of the digestive system
• The digestive system performs 6 basic processes:
– Ingestion: taking in food
– Secretion: water, acid, buffers and enzymes
– Mixing and propulsion: mix food and secretions and move
materials
– Digestion: break down food into nutrient molecules
– Absorption: entrance of the nutrient molecules into the
bloodstream
– Defecation: removal of indigestible remains
 Organs of the digestive system
• Two groups of organs
– Alimentary canal or Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
• Continuous muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus
through the ventral body cavity - about 9 m
• Provide space for digestion and absorption
– Accessory digestive organs
• Are related to GIT
• Produce saliva, bile and digestive enzymes that contribute to
the breakdown of foodstuffs.
 Organs
• The organs of the GIT • The accessory digestive
– Mouth organs
– Pharynx – Teeth
– Esophagus – Tongue
– Stomach – Salivary glands
– Small and large intestine – Gallbladder
– Liver
– Pancreas
Sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system.
 Innervation of the intestine
• Autonomic nervous system
– controls the muscles that move and grind food in
the intestine
– controls blood flow to the intestine
– Stimulates or inhibits digestion
– Feeds into the intrinsic enteric nervous system
 The Abdominal lymphatics
• Lymphatic drainage of the gastrointestinal tract is
through vessels and nodes that end in pre-aortic
lymph nodes at the origins of the three branches
of the abdominal aorta
– Coeliac
– superior mesenteric
– inferior mesenteric groups of pre-aortic lymph nodes
 The abdominal lymphatics
• Lymph from the abdominal nodes drains into
the cisterna chyli
• The thoracic duct receives all lymph that
forms inferior to the diaphragm and empties
into the junction of the left subclavian and
left internal jugular veins
 Esophagus
• Propel food from laryngopharynx to stomach
• ~25 cm long, mainly in thoracic cavity
• Last 2-3 cm in the abdominal cavity
 Intrabdominal esophagus
• Emerges through T10 level
• Passes from the
esophageal hiatus to the
stomach
• Joins stomach at
gastroesophageal junction
 Stomach
• The stomach is involved in the whole range of
digestive activities
– Serves as a holding area for ingested food
– Breaks down food further chemically and
mechanically
– Delivers chyme to the small intestine at a controlled
rate
• The stomach lies in the upper left quadrant of the
abdominal cavity
 Stomach: Gross Anatomy
• The stomach varies from 6 to 10 inches in length,
but its diameter and volume depend on how
much food it contains
– Empty may contain 500 ml but can expand to hold
about 4 liters of food
• When empty, the stomach collapses inward,
throwing its mucosa into large, longitudinal folds
called rugae.
• 4 major region of the stomach:
– Cardia: surrounding cardial orifice
– Fundus: dilated superior part
– Body: main region
– Pyloric region: funnel shaped, its wide part - pyloric
antrum
• Pylorus-distal sphincteric region, controls discharge of
stomach contents through pyloric orifice into duodenum
• 2 curvatures
– Greater and lesser curvatures.
The stomach: region
• Cardia is near the heart
• The greater curvature is
to the left
• The lesser curvature is
on the right
• Different parts of the
stomach have different
highly specialised
functions
 Small Intestine
• Major digestive organ
• In the small intestine, usable food is finally
prepared for its journey into the cells of the
body
• Here digestion is completed and virtually all
absorption occurs
 Small Intestine
• is a convoluted tube extending from pyloric
sphincter to the iliocecal valve where it joins the
large intestine.
• It is the longest part of the alimentary tube
• Has three subdivisions
– Duodenum,
– Jejunum,
– Ileum
 Small Intestine: duodenum
• C- shaped
– Curves about the head of the pancreas
• About 10 inches long
• Relation
– Behind: aorta and IVC
– Infront: transverse colon
– Looping over its 4th part is the superior mesenteric
artery and vein
 Parts of duodenum
• First part
– Duodenal cap or bulb
• Second (descending) part
– Where the bile duct and
pancreatic duct join the
duodenum through the
ampulla of Vater
• Third part (inferior or
transverse)
• Fourth part (ascending)
 Small Intestine: duodenum
• Features
– Bile duct: deliver bile from the liver
– Main pancreatic duct: carries pancreatic juice from
the pancreas
– Hepatopancreatic ampulla: union of bile duct and
main pancreatic duct in the wall of the duodenum
– Sphincter of Oddi: at opening of hepatopancreatic
ampulla.
 Small Intestine: Jejunum
• Mainly in left upper quadrant
• Responsible for absorbing most of the
intestinal contents
• 2 ½ meters long (8ft)
• Extends from the duodenum to the ileum
 Small Intestine: ileum
• More in lower right side of abdomen
• 3 ½ meters (12 ft) in length
• No sharp division from the jejunum
– But jejunum has : Thicker wall, larger diameter & more
vascular
– Slightly different histology; otherwise very similar structure
• Specialised function is to absorb bile salts and vitamin
B12
• Joins the caecum at the ileocaecal valve
 Liver and Gallbladder
• Are accessory organs • Functions of liver
associated with the – Detoxification
small intestine – Destruction of spent
RBCs
– Synthesis of bile
• The gallbladder is a
– Synthesis of plasma
storage site for bile proteins
– Metabolic activities
 Liver: gross anatomy
• Reddish, blood rich organ.
• The largest gland in the body: about 1.4 kg in
the average adult
• The anatomically “busy” area of the liver is
underneath on its visceral surface .
Liver: Gross anatomy
• Relation
– Superior: diaphragm;
– Left: stomach;
– Inferior: transverse
colon
 The Liver: Gross anatomy
• Shaped like a wedge
• Occupies the right hypochondriac and
epigastric regions
• Located under the diaphragm, the liver lies
almost entirely within the rib cage
– offers this organ some degree of protection
 Liver: gross anatomy
• The liver has four lobes; right, left, caudate
and quadrate
• Falciform ligament separates the right and left
lobes anteriorly and suspends the liver from
the diaphragm
 Liver Lobule
• At each of the six corners
of a lobule is a PORTAL
TRIAD so named because
three basic structures are
always present there: A
branch of
– Hepatic Artery
– Portal Vein
– Bile Duct
 Liver Lobule
• Blood comes from the hepatic artery (20%)
and portal vein (80%)
– The hepatic artery supplies oxygen rich arterial
blood to the liver
– The hepatic vein carries blood laden with
nutrients from the digestive viscera
 Hepatic vasculature
• Liver receives blood from 2 sources
– Portal vein (80%) - carries oxygen poor nutrient rich
blood from abdominal viscera
– Hepatic artery (20%) - supplies oxygen rich blood
• Portal vein system
– Portal vein branches and send portal venule to portal
triads
– Portal venules branch into distributing veins that run
around periphery of lobule.
 Hepatocyte
• ~ 80% of the mass of the liver
• Metabolic factories
– form and secrete bile
– store glycogen and buffer blood glucose
– synthesize urea
– metabolize cholesterol and fat
– synthesize plasma proteins
– detoxify drugs and poisons
– process several steroid hormones and vitamin D
 Biliary system
• The canalicular system drains to bile collecting
ducts
• Collecting ducts merge and form trabecular ducts
which emerge from liver as right and left hepatic
ducts
• The two hepatic ducts join to form common
hepatic duct which join cystic duct to form
common bile duct
 Liver regeneration
• Liver cells have extraordinary capacity for
regeneration
• Loss of hepatic tissue triggers cell division and
restore original mass
• Regenerated tissue is similar to the removed
but if there is repeated damage =cirrhosis
 Gallbladder
• Thin-walled, pear-shaped green muscular sac
• ~10cm long
• Function:
– Store and concentrate bile
– Lies in a shallow fossa on ventral surface of liver
– Expels bile when acidic chyme enters the duodenum
or as a result of cholecystokinin release.
 Pancreas
• The pancreas is a soft, tadpole-shaped gland
• Most of the pancreas is retroperitoneal
• It extends across the posterior abdominal wall
from the duodenum, on the right, to the
spleen, on the left.
 Pancreas: Function
• Mixed gland, both exocrine and endocrine
– Exocrine portion - Forms the bulk of the gland
• Secretes enzyme rich fluid - Pancreatic juice
– break down all categories of foodstuffs
– Endocrine tissue
• Forms islets of Langerhans
• Scattered throughout exocrine tissue
• secrete hormone insulin and Glucaagon
Pancreas
• Parts
– Head
– Neck
– Body
– Tail
 Large Intestine
• Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus.
• About 1.5 meters long
• Two main functions:
– Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
– Store & eliminate stool from the body as semisolid
feces
 Large Intestine: Subdivisions
• Cecum with appendix • Rectum
• Colon • Anal canal
– Ascending colon
– Transverse colon
– Descending colon
– Sigmoid colon
 Large Intestine: cecum
• The first part of the large intestine
• Saclike blind pouch
• Lies below the ileocecal valve in the right iliac
fossa
• The appendix is attached to the posteromedial
wall of the cecum, just inferior to the end of the
ileum
 Large Intestine: appendix
• Narrow hollow tube connected to the cecum
• Has large aggregations of lymphoid tissue in
its walls
• It has a significant structural problem in that
its twisted nature provides an ideal location
for enteric bacteria to accumulate and
multiply
McBurney’s point
• The appendix is
normally situated at
McBurney’s point
• 1/3 of the way along a
line from the anterior
superior iliac spine to
the umbilicus
 Large Intestine: colon
• The colon extends from the cecum and
consists of the ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid colon
• Its ascending and descending segments are
retroperitoneal.
• Transverse and Sigmoid segments are
intraperitoneal.
 Large Intestine: rectum
• Part of the colon Extending from the sigmoid
colon.
• Internally are transverse folds called Rectal
valves
– Rectal valves separate feces from flatus, thus
allowing gas to pass
 Large Intestine: anal canal
• The continuation of the large intestine inferior
to the rectum
• Lies entirely external to the abdominopelvic
cavity
• About 3 cm long
 Large Intestine: anal canal
• The anal canal has two sphincters
– External anal sphincter – Voluntary & Skeletal Muscle
– Internal anal sphincter - Involuntary & Smooth
Muscle
• These sphincters which act to open and close the
anus, are ordinarily closed excepts during
defecation.
 Blood Supply of the gut
• The splanchnic circulation
– includes arteries branch off the abdominal aorta
to serve the digestive organs and the hepatic
portal circulation
– The hepatic, splenic and left gastric branches of
the celiac trunk serve the spleen, liver, and
stomach
 Blood Supply of the gut Cont’d…
• The mesenteric arteries (superior and inferior)
serve the small and large intestine.

• The arterial supply to the abdominal organs is

approximately one quarter of the cardiac
output
 The Hepatic portal circulation
• Collects nutrient-rich venous blood draining from
the digestive viscera and delivers it to the liver.

– The liver collects the absorbed nutrients for metabolic

processing or for storage before releasing them back
to the bloodstream for general cellular use.
 The portal venous system
• The portal vein drains venous blood from the GIT,
spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver; and
convey it to the systemic venous system by the hepatic
veins that drain directly into the inferior vena cava.
• The portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic
vein and the superior mesenteric vein.
• The inferior mesenteric vein joining at or near the
angle of union
 The portal veins
• On approaching the liver, the portal vein divides into
right and left branches, which enter the liver
• Other tributaries to the portal vein include:
– right and left gastric veins draining the lesser curvature of
the stomach and abdominal esophagus
– cystic veins from the gallbladder
– para-umbilical veins, which are associated with the
obliterated umbilical vein and connect to veins on the
anterior abdominal wall
 Spleen
• In the adult, it lies against the diaphragm, in the
area of rib 9 to rib 11
• It is therefore in the left upper quadrant, or left
hypochondrium, of the abdomen.
• Function
– Production of immunological response
– Removal of particulate matter and aged erythrocytes.
 Spleen
• The spleen is surrounded by visceral
peritoneum except in the area of the hilum
• The splenic hilum is the entry point for the
splenic vessels and occasionally the tail of the
pancreas reaches this area
The Urinary System
Functions of the Urinary System
• Filtration of the blood
• Reabsorption of vital nutrients, ions and
water
• Secretion of excess materials
• Activation of Vitamin D.
• Release of Erythropoietin by the kidney
 Organs of the
Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Urinary bladder
• Ureters
• Urethra
 Kidney
• Location
– Each kidney lies in paravertebral
grooves on posterior abdominal
wall retroperitoneally
– The kidneys extend from the level
of the T12 to L3
– The right lies somewhat lower
than left as it is positioned under
liver
 External Anatomy
• The adult kidney weighs about 150 g
• Size: 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick
• Color: reddish-brown
• Shape: bean-shaped
• The lateral surface of each kidney is convex,
while the medial is concave
 External Anatomy
• Medial surface has a vertical cleft called the
renal hilus that leads into the space within the
kidney called the renal sinus
• At the top of each kidney is an adrenal gland.
• Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic, and
nerves enter the kidney at the hilus.
Figure 26.5a, b
 Internal Anatomy
• The kidney has three
distinct regions
– Cortex
– Medulla
– Pelvis
 Internal Anatomy: Cortex
• The outer layer of the kidney
• Light in color and has a granular appearance
• Contains most of the nephron;
• Main site for filtration, reabsorption and
secretion
 Internal Anatomy:Medulla
• Deep to the cortex; inner core of the kidney.
• Exhibits cone shaped tissue masses called
renal pyramids.
• Used for salt, water and urea absorption.
 Internal Anatomy: renal pelvis
• Renal pelvis collects urine from all of the
calyces
• Urine flows through the renal pelvis into the
ureter, which transports it to the bladder
 Blood Supply
• Kidneys possess an extensive blood supply
• Under normal resting conditions, the renal
arteries deliver approximately one-fourth of the
total systemic cardiac output (1200 ml) to the
kidneys each minute
• The renal arteries issue at right angles from the
abdominal aorta
• Each renal artery divides into segmental arteries
that enter the hilus
Figure 26.5a, b
Figure 26.5c, d
 Nephrons
• Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny blood
processing units called nephrons
• Nephrons are the physiological unit of the
kidney used for
– filtration of blood and reabsorption and secretion
of materials
 Nephrons
• The nephron is composed of
– Renal corpuscle
– Renal tubule
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule
 Ureters
• Thick walled muscular duct with narrow
lumina
• Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
• It measures 25cm (10 in.)
 Ureters
• Has two Parts
– Abdominal part
• runs down anterior to the psoas major,
retroperitoneally
– Pelvic part
• Course posteroinferiorly on lateral wall of pelvis
anterior to internal iliac arteries
 Suprarenal glands
• Pair of ductless glands on the upper poles of
each kidneys
• Right suprarenal
– Triangular, partly covered with peritoneum
• Left suprarenal
– Semilunar, partly covered with peritoneum of the
lesser sac
 Abdominal aorta:Location
• Continuation of thoracic aorta
• Lies in the midline against vertebral bodies
• The main continuation of the aorta is the
median or middle sacral artery
 Abdominal aorta: Branches
• Subdivided into groups of 4:
– 3 unpaired visceral:
• Celiac trunk, superior & inferior mesenteric
– Paired visceral: Renal & Gonadals
– Paired parietal: inferior phrenic & lumbar arteries
– Unpaired parietal: median (middle) sacral artery
 Inferior Vena Cava
• Returns blood from lower limbs, abdominal
wall and abdominopelvic viscera
• Begins in front of the body of L5 by union of
common iliac veins
• Pierce the central tendon at T8 forming vena
caval foramen.
 Tributaries
• Ventral tributary: right testicular or ovarian
vein
• Lateral tributaries: renal and right suprarenal
and hepatic veins
• Tributaries from the body wall: the inferior
phrenic and lumbar veins
END OF ABDOMEN

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