Soil Structure Interaction 1

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Soil Structure Interaction

Soil Constitutive Relation Modeling
-1-
Prepared by
ADNAN NAJEM LAZEM
M.Sc. in Structural Engineering
2012-2013
04/08/2023 1
Introduction to Soil Constitutive Relation Modeling
Soil is a complicated material that behaves :

1.non-linearly and often shows anisotropic.
2.Time dependent behavior when subjected to stresses.
3.soil behaves differently in primary loading, unloading and reloading.
4.It exhibits non-linear behavior well below failure condition with stress dependent
stiffness.
5.Soil undergoes plastic deformation.
6.It is inconsistent in dilatancy.
7.Soil also experiences small strain stiffness at very low strains and upon stress reversal.
These above general behavior made the soil modeling not possibly being accounted for
in simple elastic-perfectly plastic.
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1. MOHR-COULOMB
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2. (MODIFIED) CAM-CLAY
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3. DUNCAN-CHANG (HYPERBOLIC) MODEL
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4. PLAXIS HARDENING SOIL MODEL
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5. HYPER-ELASTIC MODEL
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6. HYPO-ELASTIC MODEL
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7. Visco-Plastic model
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A short overview of the Soil Hardening model

Features of the model :
The Hardening Soil model (HS-Standard) was
designed by [2], [3] in order to reproduce basic
macroscopic phenomena exhibited by soils such as:
1. Densification, i.e. a decrease of voids volume
in soil due to plastic deformations.
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2. Stress dependent stiffness, i.e. commonly

observed phenomena of increasing stiffness
modules with increasing confining stress
(also related to increasing depth).
3. Soil stress history, i.e. accounting for

preconsolidation effects.
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4. Plastic yielding, i.e. development of

irreversible strains with reaching a yield
criterion.
5. Dilatancy, i.e. an occurrence of negative

volumetric strains during shearing.
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Soil model with strain hardening behavior:

The plastic strain causes an increase in the yield stress as
shown below. Soils with loosely packed grains are strain
hardening because the disturbance during sharing causes the
grains to move closer together.
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Practical applications of the HS model
• Retaining wall excavations
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• A short overview of the Softening Soil model

Features of the model :
Most natural clayey deposits, as well as lime/cement
treated clayey soils, exhibit strain-softening behavior, which
can affect, for example, the stability of an embankment and
the bearing capacity of a foundation on
this kind of ground.
Failure of soil under a foundation normally occurs
progressively, and in order to simulate the progressive failure
phenomenon, strain-softening material behavior should be
considered.
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• Modeling Strain-softening
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• Soil model with strain softening behavior:

The plastic strain causes a decrease in the yield stress as
shown below. Soils with densely packed grains are strain
softening because disturbance during sharing causes the grains
to move apart causing dilation.
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• Soil model with Elastic–Perfectly Plastic behavior:

For relatively low-medium risk projects, an assumption may
be made that the stress-strain response can be represented by
two straight lines, to describe an initial linear elastic stiffness
(OA) and the yield stress or strength at failure during plastic
straining (AB).
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SUMMARY
Geotechnical engineers often faces challenges to choose the
most appropriate soil model applicable in their numerical
modeling. Therefore, there should be in depth understanding on
the concepts, advantages, limitation and also output of each
model for each problem being modeled.
Engineers should also make use of constitutive model which
provides a reasonable fit to data obtained from range of
laboratory test.
It is important to conduct various computation measurement
comparisons along with additional full-scale experiments to
ascertain the degree of realism in the models in order to adjust
and refine them to each type of different modeling application.
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References
[1] Rafał F. Obrzud, GeoMod Consulting Eng. “On the use of the
Hardening Soil Small Strain model in geotechnical practice”.
[2] Addenbrooke, T., Potts, D., and Puzrin, A. The influence of
pre-failure soil stiffness on the numerical analysis of the
tunnel construction. Géotechnique, 47(3):693–712, 1997.
[3] Schanz, T., Vermeer, P., and Bonier, P. (1999). Formulation
and verification of the Hardening Soil model. In Beyond 2000
in Computational Geotechnics. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1999.
[4] Kok Sien Ti, et al, “A Review of Basic Soil Constitutive
Models for Geotechnical Application”, EJGE.
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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT

Soil Structure Interaction

Introduction to Soil Constitutive Relation Modeling

Soil is a complicated material that behaves :

3. DUNCAN-CHANG (HYPERBOLIC) MODEL

4. PLAXIS HARDENING SOIL MODEL

A short overview of the Soil Hardening model

2. Stress dependent stiffness, i.e. commonly

3. Soil stress history, i.e. accounting for

4. Plastic yielding, i.e. development of

5. Dilatancy, i.e. an occurrence of negative

Soil model with strain hardening behavior:

• Retaining wall excavations

• A short overview of the Softening Soil model

• Soil model with strain softening behavior:

• Soil model with Elastic–Perfectly Plastic behavior:

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