Cell Transport

  Passive transport Active transport

Definition  The movement of  The movement of
materials across the materials across the cell
cell membrane that membrane that DOES
DOES NOT require the require the use of energy.
use of energy.  An unnatural flow from
 A natural flow from LOW concentration to
HIGH concentration to HIGH concentration
LOW concentration

Examples - Diffusion - Endocytosis

- Facilitated diffusion - Exocytosis
- Osmosis - Molecular transport
- Bulk transport
 Passive Transport
– Every living cell exists in a liquid
environment (water inside and out).

– One of the most important functions of

the cell membrane is to keep the cell’s internal
conditions relatively constant. It does this by
regulating the movement of molecules from
one side of the membrane to the other side.
 Diffusion (passive
transport of particles)
• The movement of molecules of gas or
dissolved substances from regions in which
they are more concentrated to ones in which
they are less concentrated. This means they
are moving down the concentration gradient
from high concentration to low concentration.
• Question: What are some examples of
diffusion that we experience in our everyday
lives?
– Ex: Leaving school | High concentration of people in
the school that move to a low concentration (less
people outside the building)
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Diffusion Example:
For each of the cells below draw an area to show what direction
the particles would move to reach equilibrium (or balance)
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Diffusion Example:
In the beaker below the membrane ONLY allows water to pass
through. That means it is only permeable to water. Draw what
the new water and solute levels would be once diffusion has taken
place. In the space to the right explain why you drew it that way.
Diffusion
Example:
• In the beaker below the membrane ONLY
allows solutes to pass through. That means it
is only permeable to solutes. Draw what the
new water and solute levels would be once
diffusion has taken place. In the space to the
right explain why you drew it that way.
Turn to your partner and be able to EXPLAIN IT!

What is diffusion? Movement of particles…

Is it passive or active transport? Passive

Does it require energy? No

Do particles move from high to low concentration or low to high

concentration? High to low

What are examples? Leaving School (High concentration inside of

people, and low concentration of people outside)
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Solutions or Environments (outside of cells)

Solutions are either :
Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration, lower water concentration (water
will flow toward a hypertonic solution to balance)
Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration, higher water concentration (water
flow away from a hypotonic solution to balance)
Isotonic: equal solute and water concentration (water will flow equally
toward and away from an isotonic solution
In the image below, the dots represent dissolved solutes. The type of solution is
relative to what is on the inside of the cell.

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Amoeba Sisters Osmosis Video LINK

 • Label the following environments as being
Example: either isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic:

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

 Example:
• Label each of the sides as
either hypertonic, hypotonic,
or isotonic. The membrane is
only permeable to the water.
Draw an arrow to show what
the direction of water flow
will be.

Hypertonic Isotonic
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Example:
On the previous page we showed how the particles would move to balance. What if
the particles couldn’t move across the cell membrane?
Show how the water would move to balance the dissolved particles on the image
below.
Explain what you think will happen to the size of the cell after this flow of water
happens.

Swell Stay the same Shrink

EXPLAIN
IT!
• If the solutes are represented by dots. Only water can move.
• 1)Which one will have water flow into the cell which would increase
the size of the cell? A
• 2) Which one will have water flow out of the cell which would
decrease the size of the cell? B
• 3) Which one will stay the same size? C
 • 1)Explain what a hypertonic solution is. Which one below

EXPLAIN has a hypertonic environment? B (High solute

concentration, low water concentration)
• 2) Explain what a hypotonic solution is. Which one below
IT! has a hypotonic environment? A (Low solute concentration,
high water concentration)
• 3) Explain what an isotonic solution is. Which one below
has an isotonic environment? C (equal parts water and
solute concentration)
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Mr. W Osmosis Rap

 Facilitated Diffusion

Cell membranes have proteins that act as

carriers, or channels, making it easy for certain
molecules to cross.

Molecules that cannot directly diffuse across

the membrane pass through special protein
channels in a process known as facilitated
diffusion.
Facilitated Diffusion
– Hundreds of different proteins have been
found that allow particular substances to
cross cell membranes.

– The movement of molecules by

facilitated diffusion does not require any
additional use of the cell’s energy.
Osmosis: An
Example of
Facilitated
Diffusion

• Osmosis is the
diffusion of
water through a
selectively
permeable
membrane.
 Osmosis: An Example of
Facilitated Diffusion

– The inside of a cell’s lipid bilayer is hydrophobic—or “water-

hating.” Because of this, water molecules have a tough time passing
through the cell membrane.

– Many cells contain water channel proteins, known as aquaporins,

that allow water to pass right through them. Without aquaporins,
water would diffuse in and out of cells very slowly.
 Osmosis: An Example of
Facilitated Diffusion
– The movement of water through cell membranes by facilitated
diffusion is an extremely important biological process—the process of
osmosis.

– Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules from an area

of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
 Osmotic Pressure

For organisms to survive, they must

have a way to balance the intake and
loss of water.

The net movement of water out of

or into a cell exerts a force known as
osmotic pressure.
Osmosis, Diffusion,
or neither
1. Tea bag placed in hot water. A dark color
spreads throughout the glass. (Diffusion)
2. Sugar is placed on dry berries. After a
few hours the berries become syrupy.
(Osmosis)
3. After eating a large tub of popcorn and a
pop at the movies you feel thirsty.
(Osmosis)
4. Perfume is sprayed in the corner of the
room. Soon everyone smells it.
(Diffusion)
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Amoeba Sister Cell Transport: Passive vs. Active

LINK
Active
Transport
• The active transport of
small molecules or ions
across a cell membrane is
generally carried out by
transport proteins, or
protein “pumps,” that are
found in the membrane
itself.
Molecular
Transport

• Many cells use such

proteins to move calcium,
potassium, and sodium
ions across cell
membranes.
Active
Transport
• Larger molecules and
clumps of material can also
be actively transported
across the cell membrane
by processes known as
endocytosis and
exocytosis.
 Active transport:
ATP used
Example
• Label as either
• Active Transport
• Passive Transport
• Explain your answer Passive
Transport: No
ATP used
 Molecular Transport

– A considerable portion of the energy used by cells in their daily

activities is devoted to providing the energy to keep this form of active
transport working.

– The use of energy in these systems enables cells to concentrate

substances in a particular location, even when the forces of diffusion
might tend to move these substances in the opposite direction.
Lesson Overview Cell Structure

Bulk Transport

Larger molecules and

even solid clumps of
material may be
transported by
movements of the cell
membrane known as bulk
transport.
Endocytosis
and exocytosis
• Endocytosis – large items
entering cell
• Exocytosis – large items
exiting cell

• Two examples of
endocytosis are
phagocytosis and
pinocytosis.
 – Cell Eating (cell takes in large food
items)
Phagocytosis
 – Cell Drinking (cell takes in

Pinocytosis large quantities of liquids)