Lecture, on Transformation, of functions, and families, of functions:

Seven Basic (Mother) curves:

1. The curve, of f of x equals x square, and 2. the curve, of f of x equals square root of x, and 3. the curve, of f of x equals absolute value of x
4. the curve, of f of x equals x cube, and 5. the curve, of f of x equals cubic root of x, and 6. The curve, of f of x equals 1 over x, and 7. the curve, of f of x equals 1 over x square, are shown.
Translations, and Drawing the graphs, of x square plus 2, and x square minus 2, and x plus 2, whole square, and x minus 2, whole square:
Operation, on y equals f of x, Mother curve: 1. add, a positive constant c, to f of x, 2. subtract, a positive constant c, from f of x, 3. Add, a positive constant c, to x, and 4. subtract, a positive constant c, from x.
New equation: 1. y equals f of x, plus c, and 2. y equals f of x, minus c, and 3. y equals f of (x plus c), and 4. y equals f of (x minus c).
Geometric effect: 1. translates the graph of y equals f of x, c units, up, and 2. translate the graph of y equals f of x, c units, down, and 3. translate the graph of y equals f of x, c units, left, and 4. translate the graph of y equals f of x, c units, right.
Examples: 1. mother curve is y equals x square, now, y equals x square plus 2, has been shifted 2 units up, And 2. mother curve is y equals x square, THEN y equals x square minus 2, has been shifted 2 units down. And 3. y equals x plus 2 whole square, has been shifted 2 units left, then 4. y equals x minus 2 whole square, has been shifted 2 units right, all of them are open up and u shape, details graphings shown.
Draw the graphs, of 1. y equals square root, of x minus 3, and 2. y equals square root, of x plus 3, And 3. y equals x square minus 4 x plus 5
Solution: First, Mother curve is f of x equals root x shown, then 1. f of x minus 3 equals, root over x minus 3, the mother curve shifts, 3 units to the right, And 2. f of x plus 3 equals, root over x plus 3, the mother curve shifts, 3 units to the left, are shown.
3. y equals x square minus 4 x plus 5 equals, x minus 2 whole square minus 2 square plus 5 equals, x minus 2 whole square plus 1, Here Mother curve, is f of x equals x square shown Then f of x minus 2 equals, x minus 2, whole square, the curve shifts, 2 units to the right, And finally,
Reflections, and drawing the graphs, of square root, of minus x, and minus, square root, of x:
Operation, on f of x, Mother curve: 1. Replace, x by minus x, and 2. Multiply, f of x by minus 1.
new equation: 1. y equals f of minus x, and 2. y equals minus f of x.
geometric effect: 1. Reflects, the graph of y equals f of x, about the y axis, and 2. Reflects, the graph of y equals f of x, about the x axis.
Examples: 1. Mother curve y equals root x, then y equals root over, minus x reflects, about the y axis. And 2. Mother curve y equals root x, then y equals, minus root x reflects, about the x axis.
Draw the graphs, of 1. (a). y equals absolute value, of x minus 2, (b) y equals, minus absolute value of x minus 2, and (c) y equals, 4 minus absolute value of x minus 2, and 2. (a) y equals cubic root of x, (b) y equals cubic root, of minus x, and (c) y equals cubic root, of 2 minus x
Solution: First, Mother curve f of x equals, absolute value of x shown, Then 1.(a) y equals f of x minus 2 equals absolute value of x minus 2, the curve shifts, 2 units to the right, 1. (b) y equals, minus absolute value of x minus 2, curve reflects, about x axis, 1. (c) y equals, minus absolute value of x minus 2, plus 4, the previous curve shifts 4 units up along y axis.
2.(a) the curve, of f of x equals cubic root of x shown, then 2. (b) f of minus x equals cubic root, of minus x, the curve reflects, about y axis, 2. (c) if we consider f of x equals cubic root, of minus x, is mother curve, then f of x minus 2 equals cubic root, of minus, (x minus 2) equals, cubic root of 2 minus x, The previous curve cubic root of minus x called mother curve shifts, 2 units to the right, To get the graph, of cubic root of 2 minus x.
Stretching and Compressing
operation on f of x. Multiply f of x by c where c is greater than 1. Multiply f of x by c where 0 is less than c is less than 1. Multiply x by c where c is greater than 1. Multiply x by c where 0 is less than c is less than 1.
new equation. Y equals c into f of x. Y equals c into f of x. Y equals f of c into x. Y equals f of c into x.
geometric effect. Stretches the graph of y equals f of x vertically by a factor of c. Compresses the graph of y equals f of x vertically by a factor of 1 divided by c. Compresses the graph of y equals f of x horizontally by a factor of c. Stretches the graph of y equals f of x horizontally by a factor of 1 divided by c.
Example
In the first graph the base graph is y equals cos x but when we multiply cos x by 2 we can see the graph of y equals 2 cos x is stretched vertically by a factor of 2
In the second graph the base graph is y equals cos x but when we multiply cos x by half we can see the graph of y equals half cos x is compressed vertically by a factor of half
In the third graph the base graph is y equals cos x but when we multiply x by 2 we can see the graph of y equals cos 2 x is compressed horizontally by a factor of 2
In the fourth graph the base graph is y equals cos x but when we multiply x by half we can see the graph of y equals cos half x is stretched horizontally by a factor of half
Even and Odd Functions, with some examples, using two graphs:
Even function: A function f, is said to be an even function, if f of minus x equals f of x.
For example x square, x to the power four, x to the power 6, cos x, sine x square and e to the power x square so on.
Odd function: A function f, is said to be an odd function, if f of minus x equals minus f of x
For example, x cube, x to the power five, x to the power seven and sine x so on.
on the left side, A Graph, of an even function shown, which is symmetrical about y axis Where, f of minus x equals f of x, Then Another Graph of an odd function shown on the right side which is symmetrical about origin. where f of minus x equals minus f of x,
Families, of Functions
1. Families, of y equals m x plus b. for example y equals x, and y equals x plus 1 and y equals 2 x plus 1.
2. Families, of y equals x to the power n. for example y equals x, and y equals x square, and y equals x cube, and y equals x to the power 4 and y equals x to the power 5.
3. Families, of y equals x to the power minus n. for example y equals x to the power minus 2, and y equals x to the power minus 3, and y equals x to the power minus 4, and y equals x to the power minus 5.
4. Polynomials. For example y equals 3 plus 5 x, and y equals x square minus 3 x plus 1 and y equals 2 x cube minus 7.
5. Families, of y equals A into sine of bx minus c, and y equals a into cos of b x minus c.
for example, y equals 3 into sine of 2 pi x and y equals minus 2 into cos of pi x.
Graphs, of Families, of y equals m x plus b, for example y equals x, y equals x plus 1 and y equals 2 x plus 1.
The graph on the left side shows the family, of y equals m x plus b where b is fixed and m is varying, and The graph on the right side shows the family of y equals m x plus b where m is fixed and b is varying
Graphs, of Families, of y equals x to the power n. for example y equals x, y equals x square, y equals x cube, y equals x to the power 4 and y equals x to the power 5.
The First graph is y equals x, Second graph is y equals x square, And the third graph is y equals x cube
fourth graph is y equals x to the power 4 and the fifth graph is y equals x to the power 5
Graphs, of Families, of y equals x to the power minus n. for example y equals x to the power minus one, y equals x to the power minus 2, y equals x to the power minus 3, y equals x to the power minus 4 and y equals x to the power minus 5.
The graph on the left side shows, the family, of y equals 1 over x to the power n where n is even, and The graph on the right side shows the family of y equals 1 over x to the power n where n is odd
Graphs, of Polynomials. For example y equals 3 plus 5 x, y equals x square minus 3 x plus 1 and y equals 2 x cube minus 7
y equals 8 x to the power 4 minus 9 x cube plus 5 x minus 3 and y equals x to the power 5 plus x cube
The First graph has degree of two And The Second graph has degree of three
The Third graph has degree of four And the Fourth graph has degree of five
Graphs, of Families, of y equals a into sine of b x minus c, and y equals a into cos of b x minus c.
for example, y equals sine x comma y equals 2 into sine of 4 x
Here, absolute value of capital A is the amplitude and 2 pi divided by capital B indicates periods
There are two graphs together shown . The blue one indicates the graph of y equals sine x. The violate one indicates the graph of y equals 2 sine 4 x.
Practice Work:
1. Consider the function, f of x equals 2 minus square root of x plus 2. Graph the function and hence, find the domain and range of the function.
2. Draw the graph of f of x equals 3 minus square root of 2 minus x, and find the domain and range of f of x.
3. Sketch the graphs, of a. y equals 3 minus absolute value of 2x minus 4, and b. y equals 3 plus root over x plus 1, and c. k of x equals absolute value of x minus 3 plus 2, and hence write down the domain and range for each of them.