GROUP 1 AND 2

ELEMTS

DUAA OMER
WHAT ARE
THEY?
 They are bright, silvery alkali metals
found in the s block of the periodic table
with a positive charge. When exposed to
air, they combine with oxygen, which
makes them look dull.
- Group 1 has the outermost electron
configuration of ns1 and carries a cation
charge of +1
- Group 2 has the outermost electron
configuration of ns2 and the cation has a
charge of +2
  Ionisation energy is the fundamental property that
influences the chemical and physical properties.
 In group 1, a certain amount of energy is required to
remove only one electron from each atom in one mole
of atoms in the gas state to form a +1 charge/cation.
This is what you call first ionization energy.
- The general equation for this is: M (g)  M+ (g) + e-
 The energy required to remove an electron from each
Ionisation +1 cation in one mole of positive ions in the gaseous
state, forming +2 charge/cation, is called the second

Energy ionization energy, which applies to group 2.

- The general equation for this is: M+ (g)  M2+ (g) +
e-
• The energy needed for ionsation is used to overcome
the electrostatic attraction between the electron being
removed and protons in the nucleus. The more energy
needed, the higher the temperature will be.
Factors that affect the ionization energy
The ionisation energy decreases as you go down both groups, the reasonings are:
- Nuclear charge: attraction increases with the number of protons in the nucleus increase, so the force of
attraction
for the electron being removed also increases. This means an increase in ionization energy
down the group
- The electron in the orbital: As each quantum shell is added, the outermost energy
electrons rises. This implies a decrease in ionization energy down the group.
- Shielding effect: as the number of filled inner shells increases, their repulsive force
on the electron being removed increases. This means a decrease in ionization energy
down the group
Reactions with Group
1 elements
The general equations for reactions with group 1 elements:
• Oxygen: 4M (s) + O2 (g)  2M2O (s)
- 4Li (S) + O2  2LI2O (s) - 4Na (S) + O2  2Na2O (s) - 4K
(S) + O2  2K2O (s)
• Chlorine: 2M(s) + Cl2 (g)  2MCI(s)
- 2Li (S) + Cl2 (g)  2LiCl (s) - 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl (s) - 2K (s)
+ Cl2  2KCl (s)
• Water: 2M(s) + 2H20(l)  2MOH (ag) + H2(g)
- 2Li (s) + 2H2O (l)  2LiOH (ag) + H2 (g) - 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 
2NaOH (ag) + H2 (g)
- 2K (s) + 2H2O (l)  2KOH (ag) + H2 (g)
Reactions with Group 2 elements
The general equations for reactions with group 2 elements:
• With oxygen: 2M(s) + O2 (g)  2MO(s)
- 2Be (s) + O2 (g)  2BeO (s) - 2Mg (s) + O2  2MgO (s) - 2Ca(s) + O2 (g)  2CaO(s)
• With chlorine: M(s) + Cl (g)  MCI(s)
- Be(s) + Cl (g)  BeCI(s) - Mg(s) + Cl (g)  MgCI(s) - Ca(s) + Cl(g)  CaCI(s)
• With water: M(s) + 2H2O(1) - M(OH)2 (ag) + H2(g)
- Ca(s) + 2H2O(1)  Ca(OH)2 (s) + H2(g) - Ba(s) + 2H2O(1)  Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
• Magnesium with steam: Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)
Ions resulting from the reactions
GROUP 1 GROUP 2
• Oxygen: M+ and O2- • Oxygen: M2+ and O2-
• Chlorine: M+ and Cl – • Chlorine: M2+ and Cl-
• Water: M+ and OH- • Water: M2+ and OH-
Reactions of the oxides with water and hydroxides with
dilute acid
• Group 1 and 2 oxides are classified as basic oxides. that is, it can react with water to form alkalis.
The only observation we can make is that the solids react to form colorless solution.
- These equations can be simplified since the ion does not change during M+ or M2+ ion during
the reaction
• All of the Group 1 and 2 oxides and hydroxides react with acids to form salts and water. These
can be described as neutralisation reactions. All that can be observed during the reaction is the
white solid reacting to form a colourless solution. Reactions are exothermic, so some of them can
be measured experimentally energy change