Spreadsheet

Modelling
Introduction
 Contents to be Covered

 Spreadsheet Preliminaries
 Data formats in excel,
 Wide & Vertical Format
 Formulae
 Referencing cells,
 Functions for Basic Descriptives analysis,
 SUM; SUMProduct; MAX; IF; Data Table;
Charts
 Exercise One
• Print Preview  Ctrl + F2
• Escape to come back
• First row  Header
• Put cursor within data  Ctrl A  to select the data range
• Ctrl + shift + direction keys to select the data
• Ctrl + G  Press Special  Blank  fill colors  Type in cell  Press Ctrl +
Enter
• Ctrl + Enter  Do Multiple selections  Type in one cell  Ctrl + Enter
• Select all data  Press in any one separator  Autofit
 Exercise One
• Page Layout  Scale to fit
• Page layout  Orientation  Landscape
• Page Layout  Margin
• Page Layout  Print Area  To take print of selected region
• Page layout  Size  Select size of your choice
• Remove border  Page layout  Gridlines  View
• Excel Headings  Page layout  Headings  View & Print
• Page layout  Print Titles  Row to repeat at top  Select Headers
Functions for Basic
Descriptives analysis

• =Average(), =median(), =mode()

• = Stdev()
• = Min()
• = Max ()
• = skew()
• = Kurt ()
SUM; SUMProduct; MAX; IF Functions

• =Sum()
• = Sumproduct ()
• = If ()
 Data
Types
• Structured vs Unstructured Data (text, pictures, songs, videos)
(wide format, csv and txt tiles)

• Quantitative data (Numeric Data)

• Cross-sectional data
• Time series Data
• Panel data
• High frequency data

• Qualitative Data
Nominal scale data
 Represents the categories such as Male/Females ,
Married /Unmarried,

 The number only represents the categories

 If male = 1, Female =2 can you say 1 < 2, 1+ 2 = 3 ,

2-1=1
 So no mathematical operator is applicable for this
data
 Frequency distribution & Cross Tabulation are the
most popular analysis methods used to represents the
nominal data

 Chi Square is most popular statistical method used

on nominal data

 Demographic variables are mainly measures on

nominal scale.
Ordinal Scale data
 Also known as ranking scale
 Preferences of consumers can be measured using
ordinal variables
 <, = , > operators can be used for ordinal variables
 Has order but the intervals between scales points
may be uneven
 Because of lack of equal distances, arithmetic
operators are impossible, but logical operations can
be performed on ordinal data
 Example, the first division is better than second
division, Upper class is more rich than middle class
etc
Interval Scale
Also known as rating scale
Use to measure the attitude of a respondent
Zero point on the interval scale is arbitrary
zero, it is not the true zero point
Designates equal interval ordering

Example: My office boss always motivates me

1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Strongly
disagree agree nor agree
disagree

The number on this scale can be added, subtracted, multiply. One

can estimate mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient , t
test, Regression, Factor analysis etc.
Ratio Scale
 Same distance between two
observations
 Scale has true and meaningful zero
point
Ratio of two observations is meaningful
Highest and most informative scale