Machine Drawing

Class 3 : Limits, Fits & Dimensional Tolerances

 Textbooks and References

• N. Sidheswar, P. Kanniah and V.V.S. Sastry, Machine Drawing,

Tata McGraw Hill, 2001
• SP 46: 1988 Engineering Drawing Practice for School &
Colleges. Bureau of Indian Standards

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Design and Manufacturing
A designer must ensure
• Selection of proper material
• Ensuring proper strength
• Dimension to guard against failure
• Basic manufacturing aspects

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Role of Metrology in Design for Manufacturing

Manufacturing Aspect Fit:

It is the interrelation between dimensions of
mating parts before their assembly
Key Functional
Requirements

Fit between the

mating parts

Tolerances, dimensions
on mating parts

Manufacturing Processes
& Sequences

Cost of
Manufacturing

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Holes and shafts and their base size
Vibration induced geometric variations

Lathe GIFs - Get the best gif on

GIFER

Zero line
Hole Basic size

Shaft

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Terminologies
Zero Line: It is a line along which represents the basic size and zero (or initial point)
for measurement of upper or lower deviations.

Basic Size: It is the size with reference to which upper or lower limits of size are
defined.

Zero line

Basic size

Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Basic size Tolerance

−𝑋
+𝑋 𝐷
Bilateral 𝐷 +𝑋
−𝑌
Uni-lateral 𝐷 0
−𝑌

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Terminologies
Zero Line: It is a line along which represents the basic size and zero (or initial point)
for measurement of upper or lower deviations.

Basic Size: It is the size with reference to which upper or lower limits of size are
defined.

Upper Deviation: The algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size (of
either hole or shaft) and the corresponding basic size. Ud

Lower Deviation: The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size (of
either hole or shaft) and the corresponding basic size. Ul

Tolerance: The algebraic difference between upper and lower deviations. It is an

absolute value. T= Ud -Ul Zero line
Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Basic size Tolerance

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Basic size and zero lline

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Dimensional Tolerances

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Deviations

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Degree of accuracy

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 Dimensional Tolerances

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Method of Placing Limit Dimensions

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Fits

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Basis System
In hole basis system, the size of the hole is constant and different fits are obtained by
varying the size of shaft.

In shaft basic system, the size of the shaft is constant and different fits are obtained by
varying the size of the hole

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Maximum Metal Limit (MML) and Least or
Minimum Metal Limit (LML) for a Shaft

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Maximum Metal Limit (MML) and Least or
Minimum Metal Limit (LML) for a Hole

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Selection of tolerances based on fits

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Selection of tolerances based on fits

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Tolerance

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Fundamental deviations

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Example

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Example

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 Thank you !!!

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