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An improved Mendeleev Table was published in 1871. This time the
elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weights and
grouped into eight columns. Certain physical and chemical
properties were noted to repeat for every element in the same
column. Mendeleev and Meyer summed up their observations in the
form of the old periodic law. The properties of elements are periodic
functions of their atomic weights. It is interesting to note that these
two scientists did not personally know each other, yet they came up
with the same conclusions. Mendeleev and Meyer left blank spaces
in their tablets, believing that these spaces would be filled later with
elements yet to be discovered. Henry Moseley showed that elements
could be identified by their atomic number.
 is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom.

Atomic The number of protons in an atom or atomic

number, not an element’s atomic mass, is now

Number
known to be the fundamental difference
between atoms of different elements.

As a result the elements were arranged in the

periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Recall that elements
are arranged in
blocks based on the
kinds of atomic
orbitals that are last
filled with electrons.
The four rectangular
regions of the
periodic table are
called blocks and are
labelled s,p,d, and f.
We can classify the
elements according to
their electron
configurations.
Thus the new periodic law states that properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic numbers.

Vertical columns of the

periodic table or groups
identify the principal
families of elements.

Horizontal row or periods

are numbered from the top
down.
 Representative Elements
The taller columns (Groups 1, 2
and 13 through 18) are called the
representative elements or main
groups of the periodic table.
Their outermost electrons
occupy an outer shell s or p
orbital. These elements show
distinct and fairly regular
variations in their properties
with changes in atomic number.
 Noble Gases

Except for Helium, each of these

elements has eight electrons in its
outermost occupied shell. For
many years, these elements were
called inert gases because no
chemical reactions were known
for them. However, it is now
known that heavier members of
this group form compounds
mostly with fluorine and oxygen.
d-Transition
Elements
These elements are all
metals and are
characterized by their
last electrons
occupying d orbitals.
f-Transition Elements

These are elements in

which the last electrons
occupy f orbitals. All are
metals. The first f-
transition series are called
actinides ( Th Through Lr)
 Stairstep line

separates metals and

nonmetals. The
majority of the
elements on the left
side of the table are
metals. The
nonmetals are
confined to the right
side of the table.
 Semimetals
The elements along the
stairstep line are the
semimetals, they have
appearance and some
properties of a metal
but behave chemically
like a nonmetal in
certain instances.
 Semiconductors
are insulators at lower
temperatures, but become
conductors at higher
temperatures. With respect to
position in the periodic table
of representative elements,
metallic character increases
from top to bottom and
decreases from left to right.
Non-metallic character
decreases from top to bottom
and increases from left to
right.
Do the following activities:
https://forms.gle/
ddxbzUhsiLT4SZpn8
 ACTIVITY 1

Fr , Be, Mg, Cd
ACTIVITY 2

Fr , Be, Mg, Cd
ACTIVITY 3

Fr , Be, Mg, Cd