LECTURE 21

Chapter 3:
 Vector Calculus
 Green’s Theorem

Pn Nurzalina Harun
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam Selangor
Example 1
Calculate the work done by the force moving along the path C1 and C2 as shown in the figure
below.

Solution ❑ ❑
❑
⃗ 3⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 ∫
⃗ ( ) ( ) ∫ 3
Line Integral/Work done = ¿ 2 𝑦 𝑖+𝑥 𝑗 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 𝑖+𝑑𝑦 𝑗 ¿ 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

: Along the straight line from (-2,0) to (2,0) :

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =0 =0 𝑑𝑦 =0 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑑𝑥
(2,0 ) 2 2

∫ 2 ( 0 ) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 ( 0 ) =¿¿∫ 0 𝑑𝑥=¿¿ 0

∫ 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿¿ 3 3
Pn Nurzalina Harun
( − 2,0) −2 −2 Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam Selangor
 : Along the straight line from (2,0) to (-2,0) :

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =− 𝑥 + 4 2
=− 2 x dy = -2xdx 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤− 2
𝑑𝑥
(− 2,0) −2 −2
∫ 3
2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ 2 ( − 𝑥 2+4 ) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 3 ( −2 xdx )=¿∫ ( −2 𝑥 2+8 −2𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥=¿
(2,0 ) 2 2
−2

∫ ( −2 𝑥 +8 −2 𝑥
2
2 4 2 𝑥3
3
2 𝑥5 − 2
) 𝑑𝑥=¿− +8 𝑥 − ∨¿ 2 ¿¿ −
5 3 [
2 ( −2 )3
+8 ( −2 ) −
2 ( −2 )5
5
− −][
2 ( 2 )3
3
+ 8 (2) −
2 ( 2 )5
5 ]
64
¿
15

∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∮
3
¿ 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ¿ 𝐶 + 𝐶 ¿ 0+ 64 =¿ 64
1 2
𝑐 15 15

Pn Nurzalina Harun
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam Selangor
 Example 2
Evaluate work done in a counterclockwise direction from the point (5,0) along the semicircular path to the
point (-5,0) and back to the point (5,0) along the x-axis.

Solution ❑
Work done = ∫ ⃗𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 ¿∮ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
❑ 𝐶
⃗ 𝑥 ⃗𝑗 ) ∙ ( 𝑑𝑥 𝑖+𝑑𝑦
¿∫ ( 𝑦 𝑖− ⃗ ⃗𝑗 )
𝐶

: Along the straight line from (-5,0) to (5,0) :

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =0 =0 𝑑𝑦 =0 −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑑𝑥
( 5,0 ) 5 5

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥− 𝑥𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ( 0 ) 𝑑𝑥− 𝑥 ( 0 ) =¿¿∫ 0 𝑑𝑥=¿¿0

( −5,0 ) −5 −5
Pn Nurzalina Harun
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam Selangor
 : Along the straight line from (5,0) to (-5,0)

Circle : Use parametrization

𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑥=5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− 5 sin 𝜃 d 𝑥=−5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
0≤ 𝜃≤𝜋
𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦=5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=5 cos 𝜃 d 𝑦=5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
( −5,0 ) 𝜋 𝜋

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥− 𝑥𝑑𝑦=¿∫ ¿∫ −25 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃

( 2 2
( 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )( − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) −(5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )
( 5,0 ) 0 0
𝜋
¿ −25 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃¿−25 𝜃∨¿0𝜋 =− 25 𝜋 ¿
2 2

∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ¿∮ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0−25 𝜋 =¿−25 𝜋

𝑐

Pn Nurzalina Harun
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam Selangor
 Example 3
Let be a vector field in 2-space. Evaluate where C is the boundary of the triangle with
vertices (0 , 2) , (3 , 2) , and (3 , 5).

Solution
The equation of the line: 𝑦 − 𝑦 1 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1
❑ ❑
Work done = ∫ ⃗𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 =¿¿ ∮ 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥+𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐶

: Along the straight line from (0,2) (3,2) :

𝑑𝑦
y=2 =0 𝑑𝑦 =0 0≤ 𝑥≤3
𝑑𝑥
( 3,2 ) 3 3

∫ 𝑥𝑦 |
2
2
𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦=¿∫ 𝑥 (2) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 ( 2 )
2 2 2
∫
( 0 )=¿ 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥=¿ 4 𝑥 3 ¿ 18
2 0
( 0,2 ) 0 0
 : Along the straight line from (3,2) (3,5) :
𝑑𝑥
x=3
𝑑𝑦
=0 𝑑 𝑥=0 2≤ y≤5
(3, 5) 5 5
∫ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ( 3 ) 𝑦 ( 0 ) +( 3 ) 𝑦 |
2 2
∫3 𝑦
2 2 3
𝑑𝑦=¿3 𝑦 5 ¿ 117
2
𝑑𝑦=¿
(3, 2) 2 2 3 2

: Along the straight line from (3,5) (0,2) :

𝑦 =𝑥+2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=1 𝑑 𝑦=𝑑𝑥 3≤ x≤0
( 0 , 2) 0 0
∫ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦=¿∫ 𝑥(𝑥 +2) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 ( 𝑥 +2 ) ( 𝑑𝑥 )=¿ ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 +4 𝑥+4)𝑑𝑥+𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥+4 ) 𝑑 𝑥=¿
2 2 2 2

( 3,5 ) 3 3
0

[ ]| 0 ¿ − 297
4 3 2

¿2∫ ( 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4 𝑥 )
3 2 𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑑 𝑥=¿ 4 3 + 2
2 +
3 2
3
∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∮ ( 2)
18+¿117+¿ − 297
2 2
¿ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑐
27
¿−
2
 Green’s Theorem
 Named after English mathematician George Green. Theorem states that value of a
double integral over a simply connected plane region R is determined by value of line
integral around boundary of R.

 A curve C given by , where a ≤ t ≤ b, is simple if it does not cross itself, for all c and d
in the open interval (a , b). A plane region R is simply connected if every simple closed
curve in R encloses only points that are in R.
Green’s Theorem
Let R be a simply connected region with piecewise smooth boundary C, oriented
counter clockwise (that is, C is traversed once so that the region R always lies to the
left). If M and N have continuous first partial derivatives in an open region containing R,
then ❑ ❑

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 − 𝑀 ) 𝑑𝐴 𝑥 𝑦
Note: To use Green’s thm, the curve
C must be simple and closed.
𝐶 𝑅

Line integral/work done Area

Q: Use/ evaluate: LHS

∫❑ A: 1 side only RHS

Q: Verify: A: Both side LHS & RHS

 Example 1
Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral where C is the path from
(0 , 0) to (1 , 1) along the graph y = x3 and from
(1 , 1) to (0 , 0) along the graph of y = x as shown in the figure.

Solution
Can use Green’s Theorem?  Closed  Counter clockwise

❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅
Q: Use/ evaluate: A: 1 side only RHS
❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ 𝑅 ❑ ❑
∫ ∫ ⃗
𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦= 𝐹 ∙𝑑 ⃗
𝑟 ∫
=  𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥+ ( 𝑥 3
+3 𝑥𝑦 2
) 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
where 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 3y2
M= y 3
𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿( 3 𝑥2 +3 𝑦 2 ) − 3 𝑦 2=¿3 𝑥2
N = x3 + 3xy2 = 3x2 + 3y2
 Applying Green’s Thm:
❑ 𝑥=1 𝑦= 𝑥 1 1

∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴=¿∫ ∫
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 3
3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥¿∫ 3 𝑥 𝑦∨¿ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥¿ ¿∫ ( 3 𝑥3 −3 𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

0
2 𝑥
3

𝑅 0

|
4 6
3𝑥 3𝑥 1 1
¿ − =¿
4 6 0 4

If Question Change to Verify : LHS & RHS

❑ ❑
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⃗
LHS: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 / 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 :∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟 =∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ( 𝑥 +3 𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
⃗ 3 3 2

𝐶 𝐶
: Along the straight line from (0,0) to (1,1) :
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥3 =3 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦=3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 0≤ 𝑥≤1
𝑑𝑥
( 1,1) 1
1

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+ 𝑥 +3 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ( 𝑥 )
3
( 3 2

0
3 3
𝑑𝑥 +( 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 ( 𝑥
3 3 2
) ) ( 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ) ¿∫ ( 10 𝑥 9 +3 𝑥 5 ¿ 𝑑𝑥
(0 , 0 ) 0
10 𝑥 10 3 𝑥 6 1 3
¿ + ∨¿0= ¿
10 6 2
 : Along the straight line from (1,1) to (0,0) :
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥 =1 𝑑𝑦=𝑑 𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥
( 0,0 ) 0 0
5 𝑥4 0 5
∫𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥 + ( 𝑥 +3 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦¿∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +¿ ¿ ¿∫ ( 5 𝑥
3 2 3 3
¿ 𝑑𝑥¿ 4 ∨¿1=¿¿− 4
( 1,1 ) 1 1

∫
𝐶
1 2
2 ( 4)
∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ¿ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥+ ( 𝑥 3 +3 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦¿ 𝐶 +𝐶 =¿ 3 + − 5 =¿ 1
4
Example 2
Verify Green’s Theorem in the calculation of work done by the force moving along
the path C1 and C2 as shown in the figure below.

Solution
Can use Green’s Theorem?  Closed  Counter clockwise
❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅

Q: Verify: A: Both side LHS & RHS

❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ 𝑅 ❑ ❑ ❑
∫ ⃗ ⃗ 3⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗
𝑟
𝐶
=¿∫ ( 2 𝑦 𝑖+𝑥 𝑗 ) ∙ ( dx 𝑖+𝑑𝑦 𝑗 ) =¿ ∫ 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
where M= 2𝑦 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 2
𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 3 𝑥2 −2
N= 𝑥3 𝑁 𝑥=¿3 𝑥2
 Applying Green’s Thm: 2
❑ 𝑥=2 𝑦=− 𝑥 +4 𝑥=2 ( 0,4 )
∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴=¿∫ ∫ ( 3 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 ¿ ∫ 3 𝑥 𝑦 −2 𝑦∨¿
2 2
2 − 𝑥 +4
0 𝑑𝑥 ¿
𝑅 𝑥=− 2 𝑦 =0 𝑥=− 2
𝑥=2
3 𝑥5 14 𝑥 3 64
¿ ∫ ( −3 𝑥 +14 𝑥
4 2
)
− 8 𝑑𝑥 ¿ −
5
+
3
− 8 𝑥∨¿
2
−2 =
15
¿
𝑥=− 2
( −2,0 ) ( 2,0 )
If Question Change to Verify : LHS & RHS
❑
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
LHS:
⃗
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 / 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 :∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟 =∫ 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⃗ 3

𝐶
: Along the straight line from (-2,0) to (2,0) :
𝑑𝑦 ∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑦 =0 =0 𝑑𝑦 =0 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
(2,0 ) 𝑑𝑥2 2

∫ 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ 2 ( 0 ) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 ( 0 ) =¿¿∫ 0 𝑑𝑥=¿¿ 0

3 3
∮ 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦¿ 𝐶 1+ 𝐶 2
−2 𝑐
( − 2,0) −2
64 64
: Along the straight line from (2,0) to (-2,0) : ¿ 0+ =¿
15 15
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =− 𝑥 2+ 4 =− 2 x dy = -2xdx 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤− 2
( − 2,0)
𝑑𝑥
−2
∫ 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ 2 ( − 𝑥 2+4 ) 𝑑𝑥+𝑥 3 ( −2xdx )=¿ 64
3
15
( 2,0 ) 2
Example 3
Evaluate work done in a counterclockwise direction from the point (5,0) along the
semicircular path to the point (-5,0) and back to the point (5,0) along the x-axis.

i) without using Green’s Theorem. (Line Integral)

ii) using Green’s Theorem
Solution ❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅
i) without using Green’s Theorem. (Line Integral)
❑
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
LHS: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 / 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 :∫ ⃗
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟⃗ =∮ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑐
: Along the straight line from (-5,0) to (5,0) :
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =0 =0 𝑑𝑦 =0 −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑑𝑥
( 5,0 ) 5 5

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥− 𝑥𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ( 0 ) 𝑑𝑥− 𝑥 ( 0 ) =¿¿∫ 0 𝑑𝑥=¿¿0

( −5,0 ) −5 −5
 : Along the straight line from (5,0) to (-5,0)

Circle : Use parametrization

𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑥=5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− 5 sin 𝜃 d 𝑥=−5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
0≤ 𝜃≤𝜋
𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦=5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=5 cos 𝜃 d 𝑦=5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
( −5,0 ) 𝜋 𝜋

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥− 𝑥𝑑𝑦=¿∫ ¿∫ −25 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃

( 2 2
( 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )( − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) −(5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )
( 5,0 ) 0 0
𝜋
¿ −25 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃¿−25 𝜃∨¿0𝜋 =− 25 𝜋 ¿
2 2

∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ¿∮ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0−25 𝜋 =¿−25 𝜋

𝑐
ii) using Green’s Theorem
❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ 𝑅 ❑

∫ ⃗
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 =¿∮ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿
𝐶 𝑐
𝐶
where M= 𝑦 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 1
𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿−1 −1=¿ −2
N= −𝑥 𝑁 𝑥=¿−1

❑ 𝜋 5 𝜋 2
∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 ¿∫∫ −2𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃 ¿∫ − 2𝑟 ∨¿50 𝑑𝜃¿¿ −25 𝜋
𝑅 0 0
0 2
Example 4 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2=9
While subject to the force
A particle travels once around the circle of radius 3 shown in the figure. Use
Green’s theorem to find the work done by .

Solution ❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅

Q: Use/ evaluate: A: 1 side only RHS

❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ 𝑅 ❑ ❑ ❑

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 ∫ (
⃗ ¿ 𝑦 3⃗
𝑖+(𝑥 3
+3 𝑥 𝑦 2 ⃗
) 𝑗 ) ∙ ( dx ⃗
𝑖+𝑑𝑦 ⃗
𝑗 ) ∫
=¿ 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥+ ( 𝑥 3
+3 𝑥 𝑦 2
) 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
where M= 𝑦 3
𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿( 3 x 2 +3 y 2 ) −3 y ¿2 3 x 2
N= 𝑥3 +3 𝑥 𝑦 2 = 2 2 2
¿ 3 ( 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ) =3 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Applying Green’s Thm:
2𝜋 4

¿∫∫ (3 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

❑
2 2 𝑟 2 3 2𝜋

∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 ¿3 ∫ cos 𝜃∨¿0 𝑑𝜃=¿¿¿ 4 ∫ 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃

243
cos 2

𝑅
1 1 0 4 0
2
2
cos 𝜃= ( 1+ cos 2 𝜃 ) sin 𝜃= ( 1 − cos 2 𝜃 )
2 2
2𝜋
¿
243 1
∫
4 0 2
( 1+cos2 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃¿
243
8
𝜃+ (
sin 2 𝜃
2
∨¿ )
2 𝜋 243
0 ¿¿
8 [( 2𝜋+
sin 4 𝜋
2 )(
− 0+
2 )]
sin 0 ¿ 243 𝜋
4

If Question Change to Verify : ❑ LHS & RHS

❑
LHS: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 / 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 :∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⃗ ⃗ =∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+ ( 𝑥 +3 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 3 3 2

𝐶 𝐶
Circle : 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =9 Use parametrization
 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑥=3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− 3 sin 𝜃 d 𝑥=−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2=9
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦=3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=3 cos 𝜃 d 𝑦=3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤2 𝜋
❑ 2𝜋
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+( 𝑥 +3 𝑥 𝑦¿)∫𝑑𝑦( 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ( −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 ) +( ( 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) +3 ( 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) ( 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑 𝜃 )
3 3 2 3 3 2

𝐶 0
243 𝜋
¿
4
Example 5
Evaluate

using Green’s Theorem where C is the path enclosing the annular region shown
in the figure

Solution
❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅

Q: Use/ evaluate: A: 1 side only RHS

❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ 𝑅 ❑

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿ ∫ ¿ ¿
𝐶 𝐶
where M= 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿
N= =
By Green’s Theorem,
❑

∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
Example 6
Evaluate the line integral
 

 
where C is the path shown in the figure

Solution
M = y3 ⟹ N = 3xy2 ⟹

Since 𝑁 𝑥 =𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 3 𝑦 2 Vector field is conservative, and because C is closed

❑

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥+3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦=¿ 0
3 2

𝐶
Note: When evaluating line integrals over closed curves, remember that for conservative vector fields (),
the value of the line integral is 0. This is easily seen from the statement of Green’s Theorem
 JUL 2022

Solution

❑
Work done = ∫ ⃗𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 =¿¿ (( 6+𝑥2 ) 𝑖+⃗ ( 1−2𝑥𝑦 ) ⃗𝑗 ) ∙ (dx 𝑖+𝑑𝑦
𝐶
∫ ⃗ ⃗𝑗 )=¿¿ ∫ (6+𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥+( 1−2 𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2

: Along the straight line from (-2,0) (2,0) :

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =0 =0 𝑑 y=0 −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
( 2,0 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
∫ ( 6+𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥+( 1− 2 𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ( 6+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥+ ( 1 −2 𝑥 ( 0 ) ) ( 0 )=¿∫¿ ( 6+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥=¿¿ 88
2

3
( − 2 ,0 ) −2 −2
 ❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴¿
❑ 𝐶 𝑅

RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 ⃗ ( 1− 2 𝑥𝑦 ) ⃗𝑗 =  
𝐹 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=( 6 +𝑥 2 ) 𝑖+
❑ 𝑅

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿
𝐶
where M= 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿
N= 𝑁 𝑥=¿

∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴=¿
𝑅
 𝑀𝑒𝑡h𝑜𝑑1:

𝑀𝑒𝑡h𝑜𝑑2:
: Along the straight line from (-2,0) to (2,0)

Circle : Use parametrization

𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑥=2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− 2 sin 𝜃 d 𝑥=−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0≤ 𝜃≤𝜋
𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=2 cos 𝜃 d 𝑦=2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(2 ,0 ) 𝜋
∫ ( 6+𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥+ ( 1− 2 𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦=¿∫ ( 6+( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 ) (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)+( 1−2 ( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)) ( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )
2

( − 2 ,0 ) 0
 𝜋

∫ ( 6+( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ) (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)+( 1−2 ( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)) ( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )

2

0
𝜋
¿∫ ( −12𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −8𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃
2 2

0
𝜋 𝜋
¿∫ ( −12𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 −∫ ( 24𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑑¿𝜃 − 40
2

0 0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∫ ( 24 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃 ¿∫ 24 𝑢 ( − 𝑑𝑢¿) −24 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
( 2
) 2

0 0 0
Substitution method:
𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃=− 𝑑𝑢
 FEB 2022

x= 4 − 𝑦 2
Solution
i. ←𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1. 𝑦 2 + 𝑥=4 2. 𝑥 = 3
2 𝑖𝑖 . x =− 𝑦 2← 𝑀𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
x= 4 − 𝑦←𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑖𝑖𝑖 .= x=4 − 𝑦 2← 𝑆h𝑖𝑓𝑡
❑
Work done = ∫ ⃗𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟 =¿¿∫ − 𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
: Along the straight line from (3,-1) (3,1) :

x=4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 y −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
=−2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
( 3,1 )
1 1
∫ − 𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿ − 𝑦 ( − 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 ) + ( 4 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦=¿ ( 𝑦 2+4 ) 𝑑 𝑦=¿
∫ ∫ 26
3
( 3, −1)
−1 −1
 : Along the straight line from (3,1) (3,-1) :

x=3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥=0 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤− 1
=0
𝑑𝑦
( 3 , −1)
−1 −1
∫ − 𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦=¿ − 𝑦 ( 0 ) + ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑦=¿
∫ ∫ 3 𝑑 𝑦=¿−6
( 3,1 )
1 1

¿∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
26 8
∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 ¿ 𝐶 1+𝐶 2=¿ +(−6)=¿
3 3

Can use Green’s Theorem since:

 closed curve
 counterclockwise direction
 ❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅

❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 𝐹 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=− 𝑦 𝑖+𝑥 𝑗 =  
❑ 𝑅

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿
𝐶
 JUL 2021

Solution ❑ ❑
Green’s Theorem:
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅
Q: Verify: A: Both side LHS & RHS
❑
RHS: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
❑ ❑ 𝑅
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿¿∫ ⃗𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑟
𝐶 𝐶
where M= 𝑀 𝑦 =¿ 𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑀 𝑦 =¿
N= =
 ❑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

❑ ❑
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
LHS: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 / 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 :∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥+𝑁 𝑑𝑦=¿∫ ( 1+10𝑥𝑦+ 𝑦 2
) 𝑑𝑥+ ( 6 𝑥𝑦+5 𝑥 2
) 𝑑𝑦 ¿
𝐶 𝐶

: Along the straight line from (0,0) to (a,0) :

: Along the straight line from (a,0) to (a,a) : 4-9 n-9

∴𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
=

: Along the straight line from (a,a) to (0,0) :

 JUN 2020

Solution
 JUN 2019

𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

Solution
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
 JAN 2018

Solution
 ❑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎:∬ ( 𝑁 𝑥 −𝑀 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

Equation for straight line:

 JUN 2016

Solution
TUTORIAL