Mensuration

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 Mensuration is the
process of art of
measuring. Acquiring the
skills of accurately
measuring things or
objets will help one
create patterns or models
of things and produce
and design crafts and
other valuable products.

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The Two major Systems of Measurement

• The United States

Customary System (English
System)
• International System of
Units (Metric System)
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 Metric Conversion Chart
English to Metric
English Metric
1 inch (in) 2.54 centimeters
1 foot (ft) .3 meter
1 yard (yd) .91 meter
1 mile (mi) 1.6 kilometers
1 square inches (in2) 6.45 square centimeters
1 square feet (ft2) 0.09 square meter
1 square yaed (yd2) .83 square meter
1 acre (ac) .4 hectare
1 cubic feet (ft3) .2 cubic meter
1 cord 3.62 cubic meter
1 quart (qt) .94 leter
1 gallon (gal) 3.78 liter
1 ounce (oz) 28.34 grams
1 pound (lb) 0.45 kilogram
1 hourse power 0.74 kilowatt

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 Metric to English
Metric English
1 centimeter (cm) .39 inch
1 meter (m) 3.28 feet
1 meter (m) 1.09 yards
1 kilometer (km) 0.62 mile
1 square centimeter (cm2) .15 square inch
1 square meter (m2) 10.76 square feet
1 square meter (m2) 1.2 square yards
1 hectare (ha) 2.47 acres
1 cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic feet
1 liter (L) 1.05 quarts
1 cubic meter (m3) 264.17 gallons
1 gram (g) .03 ounce
1 Kilogram (kg) 2.20 pounds
1 kilowatt (kW) 1.34 horsepower

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 Units of length and Measure
Length
12 inches = 1 foot
36 inches or 3 feet = 1 yard
1760 yards or 5280 feet = 1 mile

Liquid Measure
8 ounces = 1 cup
16 ounces or 2 cups = 1pint
32 ounces or 4 cups or 2 pints = 1 quart
64 ounces or 4 pints or 2 quarts =1/3 gallon
128 ounces or 16 cups or 8 pints or 4 quarts = 1 gallon

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Measurement of one inch in the
English System

There are sixteen 1/6, eight 1/8,

four 1/4, and two 1/2 in one inch

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 Measurement of one inch in the
Metric System

Each line is equivalent to one millimeter. One

centimeter is equivalent to ten millimeters
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 Measuring Tools
The first practical task in making a measurement
is by using measurement tools to plan and plot a
project. Learning to read a measure accurately is
very important but this can only be achieved if
correct measuring devices are used.
There are a great number of measuring tools
available in the market for measuring marking, and
checking our work. Some Tools perform the same
function and these are the following:

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 Measuring Tools
Tape measure
The blade length ranges from
approximately 16 to 127
centimeters; and 31 centimeters
which others prefer because it
measures beyond the three
meter range. The width of the
blade has a concave shape which
varies from approximately 0.6 to
3 centimeters as it extends
without collapsing even in longer
distance.
The tape automatically retracts
when it is released because of the
spring mechanism in the housing.
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 Folding Ruler
• This ruler can be made up of
metal or hardwood that
usually unfolds and is
connected with spring joints.
This device comes in
different designs and
performs different functions
for specific measuring needs

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 Yardstick Ruler

This tool is a
straight-edge
ruler used in
measuring
small projects.

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 Caliper
• This tool is useto
measure the
distance between
two symmetrically
opposing sides
with inward or
outward facing
points
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 Styles of Lettering
The twenty-six letters in
our present day alphabet
originated from the
Ancient Egyptian.
Graphic representations
or drawing plates are
incomplete unless they
contain necessary
information expressed in
the form of letters and
numbers
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 A draftsman is a person who draws plans. To a
draftsman, merely knowng the letter of the alphabet is
not enough. He must know he style and appearance of
the letters of the English alphabet and the different
types or classes of the letter styles as well.

There are other things that a draftsman needs to

know.
1. proper strokes employe in the composition of letters.
2.proper spacing of letters
3. use of guidelines
4. clear and effective lettering

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 What is lettering?
Lettering is the process by which
letters including numbers, are
composed for providing ease and
speed in communicating ideas. It is
considered athe written language of
the industry.

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 Essential Parts of Letters
• Letters are combinations
of the following essential
parts: The stem, which is
either of the horizontal or
vertical units; the swash
line, which is either of the
horizontal or vertical
units; swash line, which
refers to the oblique path;
and the lobe, which is the
curved prt

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 Styles of Letters
• Gothic Style or Sans-serif.
This class applies to all
letters which have uniform
width elements. Gothic
letters are furher classified
as single-stroke, round, or
gold. Gothic style is the
plainest and mosy legible.
This is commonly used in
billboard signs and posters

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The Gothic letters are grouped as follows:

Single stroke vertical uppercase letters Single stroke vertical lowercase letters

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Single Stroke inclined uppercase letters Single stroke inclined lowercase letters

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 Roman Letters

The style pertains to all letters

having “accented”strokes or
mode up of thick and thin
elements. The kinds of Roman
Letters are the old Roman and
Modern Roman.
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 Old Roman Style
• This is composed of
early Classic and
Renaissance. It is the
architect’s general
purpose letter because
of its great beauty. It is
used in building and for
inscriptions and titles

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 Modern Roman
• This evolved during the
eighth century. It is easy
to read but difficut to
draw and is generally used
in printing newspapers,
magazines, and books it is
the standard letter style
for finished map titles and
the names of civil
divisions such as countries
and cities

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 Text Letter
• This style includes all
type of old English text
like the church text,
Block text, and german
text. It is widely used
today in diplomas,
certificates, Bibles, land
titles, and wedding
invitations

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 Italics
• These are slanted
letters used in
headlines of
newspapers,
columns, and
advertisements.
They could be
Roman Italics or
Gothic Italics

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 Script
• Writing of the ordinary
cursive is commonly
used in wedding
invitations, diplomas,
certificates, and
Christmas cards. The
style is simple and free
from ornamentation, can
be rapidly executed, and
has uniform thickness

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• Practicing alone is not enough in lettering. It
must be accompanied by a conscientious
effort to learn and improve. In learning
lettering one shuld have the knowledge of the
following:
1. proportion and forms of letters.
2.order of the strokes
3.composition and spacing of letters and words
4. rules about “composition” of letters
5. contiuos practice for further improvement

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Alphabet of Lines

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 The Alphabet lines
The alphabet of lines refers to
the different kinds of lines used in
freehands drawing. They are used
in combination to depict the true
shape and details of the design of
the object. The diffeent lines are as
follows:
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A. According to Weight
• Heavy- as in border line
• Thick- as in visible line
• Medium- as in hidden line
• Thin- as in center line
• Light- as in construction line
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B. According to Construction
• Continuous Line
• Broken Line
• Combination of the
above
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C. According to function
1. Visible Lines or Outlines (Thick Line). This is
used to show the visible outline parts. The
thickness may be selected to suit the size of the
drawing and the size of the sheet

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2. Hidden Lines. (Medium
Line). This is consisted of
equally spaced clashes,
used to indicate the hiden
intersections of planes
and other hidden features
of the object. 3. Long Break Line (Light
line is used to break
objects which are very big
to be drawn on paper. This
is a ruled line with free
hand zigzags.

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4. Short Break Line. This is
heavy, wavy, and freehand
line.

5. Border Line(Darkest
Line). This is used to
enclose drawings or frame
the graphics

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6. Cutting Plane Line. This
is represented by two
long, heavy dashes with
two small dashes in
between to indicate on
imaginary cut made
7. Center Line. This
through the object drawn. indicates the center of
objects, arcs, and circles
and are drawn as a series of
light alternating long (3/4
inch) and short (1/8 inch)n
dashes,with (1/16 inch)
spaces in between

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• Dimension Line.

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