CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Standard Styles in Review

of Related Literature
(Citation or References)

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Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:
1. Compare and contrast the styles and patterns of in-text
citations;
2. Enumerate the purpose of citations;
3. Evaluate the accuracy of citations in reading materials;
and
4. Identify the causes and effects of plagiarism.

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 Why is it important to recognize and acknowledge the
owners of any form of knowledge you intend to include in
your research paper?

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The terms used to express your appreciation for or recognition of
people’s ownership of borrowed ideas. (Sharp, 2012):

1.Acknowledgement – the beginning portion of the work that

identifies individuals who have contributed something for the
production of the paper.
2.References or Bibliography – a complete list of all reading
materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where
the borrowed ideas came from.
3.Citation or In-Text Citation – references within the main
body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature.

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Purposes of Citation (Badke 2012)
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they
know about the field.
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s
claims, conclusions, and arguments.
3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and
relevant materials about your topic.
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily.
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work.
6. To save yourself from plagiarism.
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Styles of Citations

1. Integral Citation
This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas
appear in your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim,
assert, state, etc. to report the author’s ideas. Using these types of
verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental position, attitude,
stand or opinion in relation to the information referred to.

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Styles of Citations

Example of integral Citation

APA MLA
One study by Manalo (2015) One study by (Manalo 70)
reveals…
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) The latest work by (Lee 123)
asserts…
According to Abad et al.(2015) According to (Abad et al.:54)
context is…

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Styles of Citations

2. Non- Integral Citation

In contrast to integral citation that reflects the author’s personal
inclinations to a certain extent, this second citation style downplays
any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is
given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the
ideas.

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Styles of Citations

Examples of Non-Integral Citation:

a. The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways
by which people from different cultural background can
harmoniously relate themselves with one another. (De la Cruz,
2015)

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Styles of Citations
Identify the citation style applied in the
following statements.
The other components of Intercultural Competence which are also
present in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015), appropriateness
(Villar, Marcos, Atienza 2016; Santos and Daez, 2016), and
emotions (Flores, 2016).

NON-INTEGRAL CITATION

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Styles of Citations
Identify the citation style applied in the
following statements.

Heavy social media use can be linked to depression

and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash,
2019).

NON-INTEGRAL CITATION

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Styles of Citations
Identify the citation style applied in the
following statements.

The latest work by Gass and Varonis (2017) found

that the most important element in comprehending
non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

INTEGRAL CITATION
Styles of Citations
Identify the citation style applied in the
following statements.

According to Jones and Lee (2019), air pollution is

on the rise in numerous Asian country.

INTEGRAL CITATION
Styles of Citations
Identify the citation style applied in the
following statements.

Studies have indicated that air pollution is bad for a

person’s health (Smith, 2012).

NON-INTEGRAL CITATION
Styles of Citations

3. Patterns of Citations
1.Summary
The citation in this case is a shortened version of the
original text that is expressed in your own language.
Making the text short, you have to pick out only the
most important ideas or aspects of the text.

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Styles of Citations

3. Patterns of Citations
2. Paraphrase
This is the antithesis of the first one because, here,
instead of shortening the form of the text you explain
what the text means to you using your own words. In
doing so, it is possible that your explanations may
decrease or exceed the number of words of the original
text.
 
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Styles of Citations

3. Patterns of Citations
3. Short Direct Quotation
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole
sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40
words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing
through this citation pattern. Since this makes you
copy the exact word of writer, it is necessary that you
give the number of the page where the readers can find
the copied words.
  Hundred problems, thousand solutions
Styles of Citations

3. Patterns of Citations
3. Short Direct Quotation
Example:
“Although designed for those who intend to publish,
numerous colleges and universities adhere to the
stringent guidelines” (Houghton, 2010, p.12) 

For direct
quotation, include
the page number
Styles of Citations

3. Patterns of Citations
4. Long Direct Quotation
Named in many ways, this citation pattern makes you
copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up
to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines.
Placed at the center of the page with no indentation,
the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a
poem.
 

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Styles of Citations
3. Patterns of Citations
4. Long Direct Quotation
Example:
The latest study by (Hizon,2015) reveals the social nature of
language. Stressing this nature of language, he says:
Language features result from the way people use language to
meet their social needs. In their interactions, they use language to
describe, compare, agree, explain, disagree and so on. Each
language function requires a certain set of language features like
nouns for naming, adjectives for comparing, verbs for agreeing,
prepositions for directing and conjunctions for connecting ideas
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Styles of Citations
There are two basic method of referencing, pointing to, or
identifying the exact author referred to your paper. These are the
APA(American Psychological Association) and the MLA
(Modern Language Association). Each of these two methods has
its own in text-citation style. The following shows the difference
between them as regards citation format.
APA- (Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2016)
(Manalo, 2015) or Manalo (2016)
MLA- (Bautista183), Flores et.al. 150-158)
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235-240)
(Velarde 4:389-402)- for periodicals
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Styles of Citations
3. Patterns of Citations
5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors
ideas. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple
past, or present perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers
the use of present perfect tense.
 
Examples:
Present tense- Marcos explains…
Past tense- Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense- Marcos has explained…
 
Plagiarism
What do you know about plagiarism?
It is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and
passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of
plagiarism is using the words of the original text in expressing your
understanding of the reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is
to express the borrowed ideas in your own words.
The safest way to avoid plagiarism is to be aware of the fact that the
copied words are not yours. Now a days, due to the proliferation of ”Grey
Literature” or unpublished reading materials as sources of information for
research studies appear questionable as how qualitative, credible, and
authoritative they are.
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