The Scientific

Revolution in
the Middle
East
The Scientific Revolution in the Middle East refers to a period of time during
which there was a significant increase in scientific knowledge and discovery
in the region. This period began in the 8th century with the Islamic Golden
Age and continued through the 17th century. During this time, there were
many advances in various fields of science, including astronomy,
mathematics, chemistry, physics, and medicine. Islamic scholars made
significant contributions to these fields, building on the knowledge of earlier
civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans.
ISLAMIC Golden
age
ISLAMIC Golden
age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural,
economic, and scientific flourishing in the Islamic
world, spanning from the 8th to the 13th century
CE. During this time, Islamic scholars made
significant contributions to various fields of
knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy,
philosophy, medicine, literature, and art
The House
of Wisdo
m
The House of
Wisdom
One of the most notable institutions of the Islamic
Golden Age was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad,
which was established during the reign of the
Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century.
The House of Wisdom was a major center of
learning and scholarship, attracting scholars from
all over the Islamic world as well as from other
civilizations such as the Greeks and Persians.
Al-Khwarizmi
Some of the most notable
scholars associated with the
House of Wisdom include Al-
Khwarizmi, who is credited with
the development of algebra;
Al- Kindi, who is considered the
founder of Islamic philosophy;
and Ibn Sina, who is known for
his contributions to medicine
and philosophy.
Al-Farabi
known for his work in music,
metaphysics, and political
philosophy; Ibn Rushd (also
known as Averroes), who is
famous for his commentaries on
Aristotle's works
Al-
Biruni
made significant
contributions astronomy
mathematic
s
geography.
 Development of
Observational Astronomy
Al
Battani
Most significant contributions
were
The field of astronomy.
Compiled accurate tables
of planetary motions
The understanding of
lunar and solar eclipses
Understanding length of
the year.
Al
Battani
Observations of celestial bodies
Al-Battani's careful observations
showed that the solar apogee,
the point at which the Sun is
smallest in apparent size and
farthest from Earth, had shifted
from the position indicated by
the Almagest. Contradicting
Ptolemy, this implied that the
solar apogee was slowly
moving.
The
Maragha
Observatory
The Maragha Observatory, also known
as the Ilkhanid Observatory, was a
major astronomical observatory built
in the 13th century in Maragha, Iran. It
was constructed under the patronage of
the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan and was
operated under the supervision of the
Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.
Unfortunately, the Maragha
Observatory was largely destroyed in
the 14th century, and many of its
records and instruments were lost.
However, its legacy lives on, and it
remains an important symbol of the
achievements of Islamic astronomy
during the Middle Ages.
Nasir al-Din al-
Tusi.
Most significant contributions
He wrote approximately 150
were

books in Arabic and Persian

and edited the definitive
Arabic versions of the
works of Euclid,
Archimedes, Ptolemy,
Autolycus, and Theodosius.
He also made original
contributions to
mathematics and
Fakhrī
sextant
Fakhrī sextant is a type of instrument used in
celestial navigation. It was developed by the Arab
astronomer and mathematician Abu al-Salt
Umar al-Mawsili al-Fakhrī in the 9th century.
The Fakhrī sextant was an improvement over
previous sextants and was designed to measure the
altitude of celestial objects such as stars and planets
above the horizon.
The Fakhrī sextant was widely used by Arab
navigators
and contributed to the development of Islamic
navigation in the Middle Ages.
Advances
Chemistr
in
y
Alchem
y
Alchemy is an ancient branch of
natural philosophy that was
concerned with the transformation
of matter and the pursuit of the
philosopher's stone, a legendary
substance that was believed to
have the power to transmute base
metals into gold and provide
eternal life.
 Jabir ibn
Hayyan
Jabir is credited with
developing many new
techniques for chemical
synthesis and analysis,
including distillation and
sublimation. He wrote
extensively on the subject of
alchemy, and his works were
translated into Latin and
influenced European scientists
The Discovery Of
Sulfuric and
Nitric Aci
d
Sulfuric
acid
Sulfuric acid was first
discovered by the
Persian alchemist
Jabir ibn Hayyan, also
known as Geber,
around the 8th century
AD.
Nitric
acid
Nitric acid was first described
by the Arab alchemist Abu
Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-
Kindi in the 9th century AD. He
obtained it by distilling a
mixture of nitre (potassium
nitrate) and vitriol (sulfuric
acid).
Advancements
in Medicin
e
The Canon of
Medicine
The Canon of Medicine, written
by the Persian philosopher and
physician Avicenna (also
known as Ibn Sina) in the 11th
century, is considered one of
the most important and
influential medical textbooks in
history.
The discovery of contagious diseases and
the concept of quarantine
In the 19th century, the discovery
of bacteria and viruses helped to
shed light on the mechanisms of
contagious diseases. The work of
scientists such as Louis Pasteur
and Robert Koch paved the way
for a better understanding of how
diseases were transmitted, and led
to the development of vaccines
and other preventive measures.
The development of surgical techniques and
anesthesia
One of the most notable figures in the field
of surgery was the Persian physician Abu
al- Qasim al-Zahrawi, also known as
Albucasis.
He lived in the 10th century and is
considered
one of the greatest medieval surgeons.
Albucasis wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif, a
medical encyclopedia that included detailed
descriptions of surgical techniques,
instruments, and anesthesia.
He is credited with developing several
surgical instruments, including forceps,
Influence on
European
Scientific
Revolution
Transmission of scientific knowledge from the
Middle East to Europe
One of the most significant figures in the transmission of scientific
knowledge from the Middle East to Europe was the Spanish
philosopher and theologian Ibn Rushd, also known as Averroes.
Ibn Rushd was a scholar of Aristotle and his works, and his
commentaries on Aristotle's works were widely read in Europe
during the 12th and 13th centuries.
Other important figures in the transmission of scientific knowledge
from the Middle East to Europe include the Persian polymath Al-
Khwarizmi, whose work on algebra and algorithms was influential
in the development of mathematics in Europe. The Persian
physician and philosopher Avicenna, whose works on medicine
and philosophy were widely studied in Europe, also played an
important role.
Translation movement
and the role of
scholars such as
Gerard of Cremona
The Translation Movement was a cultural and intellectual
movement that took place in the Islamic world during the
8th to 13th centuries. It involved the translation of
scientific, philosophical, and literary works from Greek,
Syriac, Persian, and other languages into Arabic. These
translations helped to preserve and transmit the knowledge
and intellectual heritage of the ancient world and played a
significant role in the development of Islamic civilization.
 Gerard of Cremona was an Italian scholar who lived
in the 12th century and was one of the most
important translators of the Translation Movement.

His translations of scientific and philosophical works

had a significant impact on the development of
medieval
scholasticism and the emergence of modern science.

Gerard of Cremona's work was part of a larger movement

of translation and transmission of knowledge that involved
many other scholars and translators throughout the Islamic
world.
Influence on the work
of European scientists
such as Galileo and
Newton
 The Scientific Revolution in the Middle East, which took
place from the 8th to the 13th century, had little direct
influence on the work of Galileo and Newton, who lived in
Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, it is
important to note that the advancements made during
the Scientific Revolution in the Middle East laid the
foundation for scientific inquiry and experimentation,
which eventually led to the Scientific Revolution in
Europe.
THANK
YOU!!