PREPARING COMMON SALTS

pH scale and indicators

pH: Potential of Hydrogen (H+ ion concentration)

 Common acids and alkalis
ACIDS

Name Formula
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Nitric acid HNO3
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
ALKALIS

Name Formula
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
 Salt formation
When acids and alkalis react together,
salts are formed.

The general equation is:

Acid + Base  Salt + Water

This is known as a neutralisation reaction

because the products are neutral.
Salt formation
 Salt formation
Salts consist of two parts – a metal part,
and the non-metal ion from the acid.

Acid Ions in solution Salts formed

Hydrochloric
H+ Cl- chlorides
acid
Sulphuric acid 2H+ SO42- sulphates

Nitric acid H+ NO3- nitrates

 Salt formation
Examples of salts

Non-metal
Salt Formula Metal ion
ion
Copper
CuSO4 Cu2+ SO42-
sulphate
Sodium
NaCl Na+ Cl-
chloride
Potassium
KNO3 K+ NO3-
nitrate
Calcium
CaSO4 Ca2+ SO42-
sulphate
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals

Magnesium + Hydrochloric  Magnesium + Hydrogen

Acid chloride

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals

Have you got that?

Are you really
sure? Let’s try a
few examples.
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals
Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid 

Iron + Hydrochloric Acid 

Lead + Sulphuric Acid 

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals
Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid  Magnesium sulphate +
Hydrogen

Iron + Hydrochloric Acid  Iron chloride + Hydrogen

Lead + Sulphuric Acid  Lead sulphate + Hydrogen

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Carbonate
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Carbonate

Copper + Hydrochloric  Copper + Carbon + Water

Carbonate acid chloride dioxide

CuCO3 + 2HCl  CuCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Purification
 Preparing a salt from a metal
and an acid
Preparation of Zinc Chloride

Word equation:

Symbol equation:
Preparing a salt from a metal and an acid
 Preparing a salt from a metal
carbonate and an acid
Preparation of Calcium Chloride

Word equation: Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric  Calcium + Carbon + Water

Acid chloride. dioxide

Symbol equation:
Science in Context

Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was a scientist who extracted

chemicals from plants to prepare salts which are used in
medicines and pesticides
 Summary
1. The preparation of salts can be summarized by the following word equations
Acid + metal  salt + hydrogen

Acid + carbonate  salt + carbon dioxide + water

2. The acids used to make salts are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid

3. Purification occurs through filtration, evaporation and crystallization in the

preparation of salts

4. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was one of the first scientists to develop a technique to

extract chemicals from plants to prepare salts which are used in medicines and
pesticides
Past paper question