Introduction to statistics:

Statistics is the branch of science which is dealing with the collection of data,
organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing data and drawing valid
conclusion.
OR
Statistics is the science of assembling classifying and tabulating the facts or
data.
Example1:
A political analyst can use data from a portion of the voting population to
predict the political preferences of the entire voting population.

Example2: A city counselor may decide where to built a new airport runway
based on environmental impact statements and demographic report that
include verity of statistical data.
• Kinds of statistics:
• Statistics has been divided into two broad areas:
• 1. Descriptive Statistics
• 2. Inferential Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics:
• The descriptive statistics consists of methods for organizing
and summarizing data/information.
• It includes the construction of graphs, charts, tables, and
calculations of various descriptive measure such as
averages, measure of dispersion.
• Example:
• The following data shows the production of HDs, CDs, ROMs, and RAM
chips in a computer factory per day (in thousands).
• The data is given for a week consisting of five working days.
• Production:
Day HD CD ROM RAM

1 1 2 4 3

2 1.5 2.5 3 2

3 2 2 2 4

4 1 3 4 3

5 3 2 1.5 1
• Inferential Statistics:
• Inferential Statistics consists of methods for drawing and measuring the
reliability of conclusions about a population based on information
obtained from a sample of that population.
• Uses of Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics:
• Descriptive Statistics: DS are used to summarize and describe total
number like Mean, Median, Mod, Average.

• Inferential Statistics: inferential Statistics helps to draw conclusion

which is based on limited data when predicting the future.
• Population:
• Population is the collection of all individual, items or data under
consideration in a statistical study.
• OR
• A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions
about.

• Sample:
• Sample is that part of population from which information is collected.

• A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size
of the sample is always less than the total size of the population.
• Populations
• In statistics the term “population” has a slightly different meaning from the
one given to it in ordinary speech. It need not refer only to people or to
animate creatures – the population of Britain, for instance or the dog
population of London. Statisticians also speak of a population of objects, A
population is thus an aggregate of creatures, things, cases and so on
• Samples
• A population commonly contains too many individuals to study conveniently,
so an investigation is often restricted to one or more samples drawn from it. A
well chosen sample will contain most of the information about a particular
population parameter but the relation between the sample and the population
must be such as to allow true inferences to be made about a population from
that sample.