Shivajirao kadam Institute of

Technology & Management, indore

Phase
A proper understanding of certain systems and processes in pharmaceutical
practice necessitates knowledge of principle that govern the equilibrium between
solid , liquid and gaseous phase . It is defined as any homogeneous , physically and
mechanically separable portion , which can be separated from other such parts of
the system by definite boundary surface in the system

Component
It is defined bas the smallest number of independently variable constituent taking
part in the state of equilibrium by means of which the compo of each phase can be
expressed directly or in the form of chemical equation

Degree of freedom
It is defined as the minimum number of independently variable factors such as
temperature , pressure and composition of the phase which must be arbitrarily
specified in order to perfectly represent the condition of a system
 Phase rule
• Gibbs phase rule :- it was
proposed by Josiah Willard
Gibbs. The rule applies to
only non reactive multi
component heterogeneous
system in thermodynamics
and is given by the equality
• F=C-P+2
HERE , in F=C-P+2
F = number of degree of
freedom
C =The number of
component
P =The number of phases
in thermodynamics
equilibrium with each
other.
 Uses and limitations of phase rule
Uses of phase rule :-
It helps us in deciding the number
of substance that could
potentially exist in equilibrium
under a given set of condition
It shows us that various system
having the same degree of
freedom behave in a similar
condition
The information about molecular
structure is not necessary
because it applies to
macroscopic systems
• Limitation of phase rule:-
• It is not applicable for the
systems which are slow in
reaching an equilibrium state
• There in no consideration of
magnetic and electric influence
since the the system is defined
only by variables like pressure
temperature and component
force
• The value of vapor pressure will
differ from normal value if any
liquid or solid is finely divided
 Phase equilibrium
• It refers to the set of conditions where more than
one phase may exist. An equilibrium state of a solid
state of a solid system can be reflected in terms of
microstructure , phases present etc. as it is most
common in most metallurgical and material system.
And the other state could never be achieved
because of very slow rate of approach of
equilibrium in system.
 Phase diagram
• A phase diagram in physical
chemistry , is a type of chart
used to show condition such
as temperature , volume,
pressure, etc. At which
thermodynamically distinct
phase occur and coexist at
equilibrium . Common
components of phase
diagrams are the distinct
lines that mark condition
under which multiple phase
exist and transition occurs
Phase diagram
Along lines:-
Rate at which solid sublimes to form
gas.

Along lines:-
Rate at which liquid boils to form a gas

Along lines:-
Rate at which solid melts to form a
liquid
 Phase equilibrium diagram
• Constituent of phase • Need of phase equilibrium
diagram
diagram
• They are used in studies
• There are three Parts in related to mineral equilibrium ,
phase diagram which formation of various types of
shows mainly solid , rock within the earth
• Industrial equipment and
liquid , gaseous. state
various other hardware are
strictly based on their phase
diagram as they show unique
properties when in equilibrium
 General phase diagram
• Triple point :- the point at
which the three state of
matter exist.
• Critical point:- point at
which the substance is
indistungisiable between
liquid and gaseous state.
• Fusion or melting curve:-
the curve on phase diagram
that represent transition
between liquid and solids
• Vaporization or condensation
curve:- the curve on a phase
diagram that shows
transition between gas state
to liquid state
• Sublimation or deposition
state :- the curve on a phase
diagram which represent the
transition between gas to
solid state
 Binary diagram
• The family of phase diagram
that shows two component ,
that is two metals (Cu-Ni) or
a metal and a compound
(Fe-Fe3C) or (Al2O3-Si2O3).
It is assumed that it is
applicable to mostly all the
binary diagrams. These
diagram only shows
variations in temperature
and composition only
• When both the
component are soluble in
the other component it is
called isomorphous
system.
• It is also to be noted that
all binary system consists
of one phase(liquid).
Therefore these are
classified according to
their solid solubility.
Isomorphous system
Silver and copper phase
diagram
The left edge represent 100% silver.
The point --- mark indicates its melting
point as being 1761F. The right edge
represent 100% copper whose melting
point is shown at ---. Reading across
the graph , the percentage of copper
is increased as the silver is decreased .
Halfway across is an alloy of equal
parts of two metals. The bottom edge
of the graph is the lowest temperature
shown , in this case 400c

This is a graphic representation of the

effects of heat on alloys of various
proportions , the diagram shows the
all possible mixture of silver and
copper you can imagine