Lecture 1

SOLUTIONS & SOLUBILITIES

 GOAL
 Identify the solute and solvent in a solution

Define solution and types of solution

saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated
 Solutions of Gases in Liquids
Solubility
Use solubility chart to determine maximum ratio of solute
to solvent
Factors affecting solubility(Effect of temperature and
pressure).
 MIXTURE
• WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
---A combination of two or more materials
that can be physically separated
(This is in contrast to COMPOUNDS, with two or more
materials chemically combined and chemically separated)

• What is the term for mixtures in which you can see the
different components separated?
HETEROGENOUS
• What is the term for mixtures in which all components blend
together to look uniform?
• HOMOGENOUS
A SOLUTION is a type of homogenous mixture
 SOLUTIONS
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solvent
 and solute molecules.
• Solutions are made of two parts:
 Solute: the dissolved substance in a solution

 Solvent: the major component in a solution

• NOTE: In solution, the substances are physically
combined
• In all solutions, whether gaseous, liquid, or
solid, the substance present in the greatest
amount is the solvent, and the substance or
substances present in lesser amounts are
the solute(s).
 Examples of solution:
SOLUTION SOLUTE SOLVENT

SODA Sugar, CO2 Water

Air H2, O2 etc Nitrogen (78%)

18 K gold Nickel alloy Gold (64%)

 TYPES OF SOLUTION
 A solution is saturated when no additional solute can
be dissolved at a particular temperature
 An Unsaturated solution is formed when more of the
solute can dissolve in it at a particular temperature.
 A Supersaturated solution can form when more than
the equilibrium amount of solute is dissolved at any
given temperature (excess solute in the solution)
 Saturated and Unsaturated
 A saturated solution contains the maximum amount
of solute that can dissolve.
 Undissolved solute remains.

 An unsaturated solution does not contain all the

solute that could dissolve
 This is an example of a supersaturated solution.
 In Figure 3.1-3.3, there is a constant amount of water in all the beakers.
 Figure 3.1 shows a beaker with more solid solute than in the saturated
solution dissolving.
 In Figure 3.2, solid begins to crystallize as it slowly decreases the rate of
dissolution.
 In the last picture, Figure 3.3, the solids become a crystallized form which
begins to harden.
 CRYSTALLISATION
 As a solid solute dissolves in a solvent, the conc of solute particles in

solution increases, thus increasing the chances of the solute particles

colliding with the surface of the solid.

 Because of such a collision, the solute particle may become reattached

to the solid. This process is called CRYSTALLISATION

 When the rates of these opposing processes become equal there is no

further net increase in the amount of solute in solution and a dynamic

equilibrium is established
 CRYSTALLISATION
 A solution that contains a greater amount of solute than that needed to form a

saturated solution is supersaturated

 Because the solute in a super saturated solution is present in a conc higher than

the equilibrum conc. Supersaturated solution are unstable.

 For crystallisation to occur, the molecules or ions of solute must arrange

themselves properly to form crystals.

 The addition of a small crystal of the solute (a seed crystal) provides template for

crystallisation of the excess solute, leading to a saturated solution in contact with

excess solid.
 Learning Check S1

At 40C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g H2O.

Indicate if the following solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated (3) supersaturated
A. ___60 g KBr in 100 g of water at 40C
B. ___200 g KBr in 200 g of water at 40C
C. ___25 KBr in 50 g of water at 40C
 Solution S1
At 40C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g H2O. Indicate if
the following solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated (3) supersaturated
A. 2 Less than 80 g/100 g H2O
B. 3 Same as 100 g KBr in 100 g of water
at 40C, which is greater than its solubility
C. 2 Same as 60 g KBr in 100 g of water,
which is less than its solubility
 FORMS OF SOLUTION

The solute does not have to be in the same physical state

as the solvent, but the physical state of the solvent usually
determines the state of the solution.

As long as the solute and solvent combine to give a

homogeneous solution, the solute is said to be soluble in
the solvent.
FORMS OF SOLUTIONS
 Solubility
The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific
amount of solvent usually at certain condition.

The solubility of different solutes is different

 Example: 85 g of KNO3 dissolves in 100 g of water at 55 oC.

 Only 36 g of NaCl will dissolve in the same amount of water
at the same temperature.

16
– Which compound has a
solubility of 61 g/ 100 g
of water at 70oC?

– Which compound has a

solubility of 41 g/ 100 g
of water at 50oC?
 Ans
• NH4Cl

• KCl
 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

 Solute-solvent interaction

 Temperature effect
 Pressure effect
 Solute-Solvent Interaction
• Molecular mass
• Polarity
 Molecular weight
Gas Solubility (X 10-3)
• Increase in the surface area
N2 0.69 of solids increases solubility.
CO 1.04 • Example: Add a cube of sugar
O2 1.38
in a bowl of H2O.
• Crush the sugar before
Ar 1.58
adding to the same amount
Kr 2.79 of H2O.

Solubility of gases increases with size of

gas due to London dispersion force • Note the crushed sugar will
dissolve faster.
 Polarity
• Polar liquids tend to dissolve in polar solvent
• This is due to dipole-dipole interaction
• Water is polar and able to form H-bond with
molecules
• Acetone and water can mix in all proportion
and are called MISCIBLE
• Those that do not dissolve one another are
called IMMISCIBLE
 Polarity
 Gasoline a mixture of hydrocarbon is IMMISCIBLE with water

 C-C are non polar

 C-H are nearly polar

 Non polar liquids tend to be insoluble in polar liquids

 E.g hexane is insoluble in water

 The number of carbon atoms in an hydrocarbon affect the

solubility in water
 Effect of Temperature
• The solubility of most solids solute in water is
greatly affected by temperature.
• Their solubilities increases as the temperature
of the solution increases.
• In contrast, the Solubility of gases in water
decreases with increase in temperature
 Temperature and Solubility of Solids
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
KCl(s) NaNO3(s)
0° 27.6 74
20°C 34.0 88
50°C 42.6 114
100°C 57.6 182
The solubility of most solids increases with an
increase in the temperature.
 Temperature and Solubility of Gases
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
CO2(g) O2(g)
0°C 0.34 0.0070
20°C 0.17 0.0043
50°C 0.076 0.0026

The solubility of gases decreases with an

increase in temperature.
 Learning Check S2

A. Why would a bottle of carbonated drink possibly

burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun ?

B. Why would fish die in water that gets too warm?

 Solution S2

A. Gas in the bottle builds up as the gas becomes

less soluble in water at high temperatures, which
may cause the bottle to explode.

B. Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm water, the

fish may not obtain the needed amount of O2 for
their survival.
SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF GASES IN WATER
 Effects of Pressure
• The solubilities of solids and liquids are not appreciably
affected by pressure whereas the solubility of a gas in
any solvent is increased as the pressure over the
solvent increases.
• The relationship b/w pressure and the solubility of a
gas is expressed by a simple equation known as
Henry’s law.
 Solubility of Solubility of gases
solids/liquids

When pressure increases No Change Increase

When pressure decreases No change Decrease

When temperature increases Increase Decrease

When temperature decreases decreases increases