GENERA

L
MATHEMATIC
S
 OBJECTIVES:

❑ Illustrate a proposition;

❑ Symbolized propositions

❑ Distinguish between simple and compound propositions.

 INTRODUCTION TO
LOGIC:
PROPOSITIONS
 LET’S DO
THIS!
❑ WHAT IS YOUR MOTHER’S NAME?

❑ MY MOTHER’S NAME IS FELICIANA.

❑ OH! I FORGOT ABOUT THE EXAM.

❑ PLEASE DO YOUR ASSIGNMENT NOW.

 PROPOSITIONS
❑ A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or
false, but not both.

❑ It is usually represented by small letters. (p, q, r, and s)

❑ Truth Value – the value of proposition that can be either True (T)
or False (F)
Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the proposition

p: Everyone should study logic

may be read as
p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”
❖ Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition
or not. If it is a proposition, give its truth value.

1) p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines. T

2) q: Dogs are mammals. T

3) r: Find a number which divides your age.

4) s: Welcome to the Philippines!

5) t: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.

 COMPOUND PROPOSITION
A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler
proposition using logical connectors or some combination of logical
connectors.
not
and
or
If, then

SIMPLE PROPOSITION
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further into other
component propositions.
- a declarative sentences which do not contain a connective.
 SIMPLE PROPOSITION
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further into other
component propositions.
- a declarative sentences which do not contain a connective.
Example of simple propositions
1) Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
2) My seatmate will get a perfect score in the periodical exam.

3) The difference of five and three is two.

4) The water is cold.

 COMPOUND PROPOSITION
A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler
proposition using logical connectors or some combination of logical
connectors.
not
and
or
If, then
Example of compound propositions
1) p: It is not the case that is a rational number.
2) r: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
3) s: If you study hard, then you will get good grades
 LOGICAL
OPERATORS
NEGATION, CONJUNCTION, DISJUNCTION,
CONDITIONAL, AND BICONDITIONAL
 LOGICAL OPERATORS
 

The negation of a proposition p is denoted by

 

❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Sunday.
q: The shop is closed.
 
Today is not Sunday.
 
The shop is not closed.
❖ Consider the following propositions:
p: 2 is an odd number.
q: The dog does not need to be fed.
r: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.

 
2 is not an odd number. /2 is an even number.

 
The dog need to be fed.
 
The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.
 

The conjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by

 

❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Sunday.
q: The shop is closed.

 
Today is Sunday and The shop is closed.
❖ Consider the following propositions:
p: Today is Friday.
q: it is raining
 
Today is Friday and it is raining
 
Today is Friday and it is not raining
 
Today is not Friday and it is raining
 

The disjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by

 

❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Sunday.
q: The shop is closed.
 
Today is Sunday or The shop is closed.
❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Friday.
q: it is raining

 
Today is Friday or it is raining

 
Today is Friday or it is not raining

 
Today is not Friday or it is raining
 

The conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by

 

❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Sunday.
q: The shop is closed.
 
If Today is Sunday, Then the shop is closed.
❖ Consider the following propositions:
p: Today is Friday.
q: it is raining
 
If Today is Friday, then it is raining
 
If Today is Friday, then it is not raining
 
If Today is not Friday, then it is raining
 

The biconditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by

 

❖ Consider the following propositions:

p: Today is Sunday.
q: The shop is closed.
 
Today is Sunday if and only if the shop is closed.
❖ Consider the following propositions:
p: Today is Friday.
q: it is raining

 
Today is Friday if and only if it is raining

 
Today is Friday if and only if it is not raining

 
Today is not Friday if and only if it is raining
 Let’s try this!
Write the required statements given the indicated connectives
P: Triangle has three sides. Q: Triangle has three corners.

1. ~P Triangle doesn’t have three sides.

2. ~Q Triangle doesn’t have three corners.

3. P ˄ Q Triangle has three sides and three corners.

4. P ˅ Q Triangle has three sides or three corners.

5. Q → P If triangle has three corners then it has three sides.

❖ For each of the following compound propositions, identify the simple
components and the logical connectors used.

1) a: You went to the rock concert and your ears hurt.

Simple components: - You went to the rock concert
- your ears hurt.
Logical Connectors: and

2) b: It is not the case that it is Monday today

Simple components: - it is monday
Logical Connectors: not
3) c: Either today is a rainy day or today is a sunny day.
Simple components: - Today is a rainy day
- Today is a sunny day
Logical Connectors: or
4) d: If fewer than 10 persons are in attendance, then the meeting will be
cancelled.
Simple components: - fewer than 10 persons are in attendance
- the meeting will be cancelled.
Logical Connectors: if, then