HYDRAULIC BASICS

KNOWLEDGE

CUSTOMER SUPPORT T O U G H W O R L D . T O U G H E Q U I P M E N T.
DEPARTMENT
 C O N T E NT S
 1. Form of liquid drive
 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
1. Modality of liquid drive

 3 modalitys:

 Hydraulic drive—Transfer power and movement by liquid

pressure energy

 Fluid fluid drive—Transfer power and movement by liquid

kinetic energy

 Air pressure drive —Transfer power and movement by

gaseous pressure energy
Table of contents

1. Form of liquid drive

2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and disadvantage
3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
4. Basic theory and phenomenon
5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic system
6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
7. Classify of hydraulic system
2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
Definition of hydraulic drive:

 Hydraulic oil as working medium ， transfer and control

power

 Hydraulic components compose basic loop that have

different functions

 Basic loop compose different hydraulic system that you

require
2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage

Hydraulic drive VS mechanism drive ， main advantages:

 Components layout and installation very agility
 Can carry out big range step less timing ， rang can reach
2000:1
 Transfer movement placidity, easy to carry out quickly start-
up 、 brake and frequently exchange direction
 Operate and control convenience 、 save labour,easy to
carry out auto control and over loading protect
 auto control lubrication,components’s life will long
2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
Hydraulic drive VS mechanism drive ， main disadvantages:
 Liquid as medium, easy leakage
 Have mechanism loss 、 pressure loss 、 leakage loss,
efficiency are low
 Not suitable use under low or high temperature
 Sensitivity when hydraulic oil dirty
 High manufacture precision and high cost of components
 Difficult to check when have failure
Table of contents

 1. Form of liquid drive

 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
3. Application and development of hydraulic
drive
 For mechanical transmission, hydraulic drive is a new technology
 The hydraulic drive origin the static pressure transmission principle which
Pascal propose in 1654
 In 1795, England has come out the first water press
 The hydraulic drive promoted application benefit from the 19th century
vigorous development oil industry
 During World War II, military industry further promote the development of
hydraulic drive. After World War II, hydraulic drive quickly into civilian
 After 20th century 60's, hydraulic drive into broader domain
 Today, with hydraulic drive has become a national industry level one of
important signs . Such as the 95 % of the engineering mechanics, 90 % of
the CNC machining center, more than 95% of the auto-line is a hydraulic
drive in developed countries
Table of contents

 1. Form of liquid drive

 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
4 . 1 H y d r a u l i c b a s i c t h e o r y - P a s c a l ’s t h e o r y

 Pascal’s theory is a statics

Large area
theory,for “ideal liquid” :
Small area F
 1. Pressure on a confined Load
liquid will exert the same force
in all directions equally .
 2. The speed of the load, as it Full of oil
moves, is in direct proportion to
the area of it’s cylinder verses
the area of the cylinder F.
F ＝ p×A v ＝ q÷A
 3. Fluid pressure is created by P ＝ v×F
external load. No load, no
pressure. F--force p--pressure
 4. Conservation of energy A--area q--flow
P--power v--speed
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-pipeline flow

 Due the flow liquid have viscosity, and liquid have a

sudden turn and generate impact and whirlpool when flow
in a pipe , the liquid would have a resistance when flow in
the pipe . In order to overcome the resistance, the liquid
loss part of the energy when flow. This energy loss include
loss of along the pressure and loss of local pressure, the
pressure loss in the flow of the liquid in the pipe with the
relevant to fluid flow state. From the above analysis the
pressure will be reduced when the fluid flow in the pipe, .
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-orifice flow

 Hydraulic components especially hydraulic control

valve, the pressure, flow and direction of the liquid flow
control is usually achieved through a certain orifice, they
produce resistance for liquid flow, to produce a pressure
drop, and its role similar resistance in circuit , known as the
fluid resistance.
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-hydraulic impact

 In hydraulic system, liquid pressure rising suddenly in a

moment for some reason, have a very high peak pressure,
this phenomenon known as hydraulic impact. Hydraulic
impact not only causes vibration and noise, and will break
the seal, pipes and hydraulic components; sometimes also
make some hydraulic components malfunction, resulting in
equipment accidents.
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-hydraulic impact

 According to produce causes ,hydraulic impact can be

divided into :
 1. The inertia of flow lead hydraulic impact — liquid flow
channel fast closing or fluid flow direction rapidly change
lead fluid flow speed or direction suddenly change.
 2. The inertia of work part lead hydraulic impact material
part braking or change direction suddenly .
4.2 HYDRAULIC BASIC PHENOMENON-HYDRAULIC
I M PA C T

 Measures to reduce hydraulic impact ：

 1. Delay valve closure and movement part brake
commutation time
 2. Limit pipeline liquid speed of flow and movement part
speed
 3. In the case of meeting the requirements to increase
diameter, shorten the length of pipeline appropriately
 4. Use rubber hose, or set the accumulator at the impact
source, to absorb impact energy
 5. Install a safety valve to limit pressure in one place there
easy appear the impact
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-cavitation

 In the hydraulic system, a pressure lower than the air

separation pressure in a certain temperature, the originally
dissolved air in the liquid will separate, rapid emergence a
large number of bubbles in the liquid, this phenomenon called
cavitation.

 Smaller flow cross-section makes a high flow speed,

according to Bernoulli's equation shows that the oil pressure
will very low, thus produce incavitation. In hydraulic pump
absorb oil process, the absolute suction pressure lower
atmospheric pressure, if the pump is mounted too high,
coupled with the filter and piping resistance, will produce
cavitation.
 Hydraulic Pumps
CAVITATIONS.

 Cavitation occurs where available fluid does not fill an existing space.
Most of the time cavitation occurs in the suction part of the system. When
cavitation takes place the pressure in the fluid decreases to a level below
the ambient pressure thus forming 'vacuumholes' in the fluid.
 When the pressure increases, for example in the pump, these
‘vacuumholes' implode.
 Cavitation can be caused by:
 acceleration of the oil flow behind a throttle /
 when the oil contains water or air
 high fluid temperature
 a resistance in the suction part of the system
 a suction line which is to small in diameter
 a suction hose with a damaged inside liner
 a suction filter which is saturated with dirt (animation)
 high oil viscosity
 insufficient breezing of the reservoir
4.2 Hydraulic basic phenomenon-cavitation

 The hazards of the cavitation:

 1. Will cause the flow and pressure instability
 2. Cause localized high temperature and high shock
pressure, resulting in noise and vibration
 3. Reduce the volumetric efficiency of hydraulic system
 4. Cause hydraulic components erosion, and reduced
element life, etc.
Table of contents

 1. Form of liquid drive

 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
Lines :
Thick solid lines represent work lines
Broken solid lines represent pilot or drain lines
Double dotted lines represent combined elements

Intersect lines with small dots represent connected lines.

Intersecting lines with small circular offset, represent

lines or circuits that do not meet

Symbols ：
P——Pressure oil of pump
A 、 B——The work oil port of cylinder or motor
O 、 T 、 Dr——Oil tank
Table of contents

 1. Form of liquid drive

 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
6. Basic composition of hydraulic system

Hydraulic system consist of 4 parts:

1. Power component—hydraulic pump:
convert the mechanical energy to hydraulic
energy.

2. Implement components: convert the

hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. For
example cylinder, motor and so on.

3. Control components: Valves. Generally,

there are pressure control valves, flow
control valves, directional control valve.

4. Auxiliary components: Hydraulic tank,

filters, piping, joints, seals, coolers,
accumulators and so on.
1. Power component—hydraulic pump

 Hydraulic pump—power component of hydraulic system,

Converts the mechanical energy to hydraulic energy and
output,provide pressure oil to implement components

 Main capability parameters of hydraulic pump:

 1. Pressure
 2. Displacement 、 flow and cubage efficiency
 3. Power and general efficiency
 4. Rotate speed
1. Power component—hydraulic pump

Symbol of hydraulic pump:

One-way, fixed Two-way, fixed One-way, variable

displacement displacement displacement
1. Power component—hydraulic pump

 1. Gear pump,for low pressure

system, as pilot pump
 2. Lamina pump,for medium pressure
system
Classify of
hydraulic pump  3. Plunger pump ， for high pressure
system,high cost

 4. Screw pump,less use on

engineering machine
Hydraulic Pumps Basic System Pumps
An Overview
HYDRAULIC
PUMPS

GEAR VANE PISTON

Variable Volume Piston

1. Power component-gear pump

 Gear pump working by using gear joggle theory ， principle

as follows:

Area minish,
output port

Area augment,
input port
Hydraulic Pumps
1. Power component— plunger pump

Area augment, input port

Area minish, output port

 Hydraulic Pumps

STROKE Variable Displacement

Basic System
Piston Pump

Q
MAX
FLOW

Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)

 Hydraulic Pumps

STROKE Variable Displacement

Basic System
Piston Pump

Q
REDUCED
FLOW

Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)

 Hydraulic Pumps

STROKE Variable Displacement

Basic System
Piston Pump

REDUCED
FLOW

Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)

 Hydraulic Pumps
Basic System Piston Pump

STROKE Variable Displacement

ZERO
FLOW

Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)

 Hydraulic Pumps
Basic System Piston Pump

STROKE Variable Displacement

ZERO
FLOW

Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)

 Hydraulic Pumps
Basic System
Piston Pump
Variable Displacement

REVERSED
FLOW

Q
Hydraulic Pumps
 The axial piston pump with rotating swashplate.
 In hydraulic systems with a working pressure above aprox. 250 bar the most
used pump type is the piston pump.
 The pistons move parallel to the axis of the drive shaft. The swashplate is
driven by the shaft and the angle of the swashplate determines the stroke of
the piston.
 The valves are necessary to direct the flow in the right direction. This type of
pump can be driven in both directions but cannot be used as a hydromotor.
2. Implement component—hydraulic motor

 Hydraulic motor— implement component of hydraulic system,

convert the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.

 Main capability parameters of hydraulic motor:

 1. Pressure
 2. Displacement and rotate speed
 3. Flow and cubage efficiency
 3. Power and general efficiency
 4. Torque and mechanism efficiency
2. Implement component—hydraulic motor

Symbol of hydraulic motor:

One-way, fixed Two-way, fixed One-way, variable

displacement displacement displacement
2. Implement component—hydraulic cylinder

Symbol of hydraulic cylinder:

A B A B

Double-acting Single-acting
hydraulic cylinder hydraulic cylinder
 3. Control component—hydraulic valve

 Hydraulic valve: control pressure 、 flow and direction

of hydraulic system, ensure implement component can
work according to load.
 The basic structure of hydraulic valve: mainly includes
the spool, the valve body and device which drive the
spool relative motion in the valve body.

 Hydraulic valve use spool’s relative

motion in the valve body to control
valve open and break and mouth size,
to achieve control pressure, flow and
direction.
 3. Control component—hydraulic valve

Flow control valve

Classify of Pressure control valve

hydraulic valve
Direction control valve
3. Control component—hydraulic valve

 Hydraulic valve main performance parameters:

 1. Nominal diameter - represents flow capacity of valve,
corresponding to the rated flow of valve
 2. Rated pressure - the maximum allowed pressure
valve long-term work

 The basic requirements of the hydraulic valve:

 1. Movement agile 、 and reliable to use
 2. Control parameters is stability, when subjected to
outside interference changes to small
 3. The structure is compact, the installment, the
debugging , the maintenance are convenient, the versatility
is good
3. Control component—flow control valve

 The flow control valve is through the change valve port size,
realization flow control by change fluid resistance

 Flow control valve control flow that through the pipe,

through control the flow, can also have some impact on
circuit pressure, the throttle will have a pressure loss.

 Normal flow control valves include throttle valve, flow

control valve, and distributary-collect valve
3. Control component—throttle valve

 The throttle is one of the most simple flow control valve, the real equivalent
a variable orifice

a b
） ）

Symbol of
throttle valve

c
）

Common orifice type

a ） Tapered ； b ） Triangular
groove ；
c ） Rectangle
3. Control component—throttle valve

P P
前 后

p
p前
p后

 Throttle valve let hydraulic oil through small holes,

cracks, narrow groove s, flow will reduce and have
pressure drop △ p (damping). Note flowing hydraulic oil
with the above characteristic; if hydraulic oil is at rest, is
based on the principle of connected vessels, pressure is
equal.
3. Control component—pressure control valve

 Pressure control valve is used to control oil pressure in the

hydraulic system or use pressure to carry out other
controls.
Relief valve
Sequence valve
Classify of hydraulic
control valve Pressure relay
Pressure reducing valve

 Relief valve and pressure reducing valve is divided

into two kinds of direct-acting and pilot.
 3. Control component—safety valve

 The relief valve is often connected to the pump outlet,

used to set the max. pressure of the system, referred to as
the safety valve, excavator widely used safety valve.

Symbol of direct-acting
relief valve a）
b）
Direct-acting relief valve:
a ） Slide valve
b ） Cone Valve
 3. Control component—safety valve

 Pilot safety valve is composed of pilot valve and main

valve two parts , the pilot valve is a poppet valve, in fact,
is a small flow direct-acting safety valve.
Pilot control
oil port

△P=P － P′
Symbol of pilot
relief valve

1-Main spool
4-Pilot spool
3. Control component—safety valve

 Relief valve of KPM pilot pump

3. Control component-pressure reducing valve

 The reducing valve is a flow flowing through the gap,

the liquid resistance produce pressure loss, so that the
control valve outlet pressure is lower than the imported.

Constant reducing valve , ensure the

outlet pressure is constant

Classify of Fixed pressure difference reducing valve,

reducing valve to ensure import and export pressure
difference is fixed value

Fixed ratio reducing valve, to ensure

import and export pressure is
proportional
3. Control component-direct acting reducing
valve
 The schematic diagram of direct-acting constant
reducing valve is as follows :

△P PC=PA －△ P
Direct-acting
constant reducing
valve

Measure of keep outlet

pressure constant
3. Control component—pilot reducing valve

 Pilot-Fixed pressure reducing valve for high pressure systems,

the schematic diagram is as follows:

The hydraulic
oil has the
pressure drop
Pilot constant through the slit
reducing valve

1-spool 3-pilot spool

3. Control component—direction
control valve
 Direction control valve for control direction, also control flow
and pressure by use valve’s opening size

One-way valve

Classify of direction Select valve (shuttle valve)

control valve
Cross valve
 3. Control component—one-way valve
 One-way valve which controls the oil along only a single
direction, in common use one-way valve is common one-
way valve and liquid operated one-way valve .

Common one-
way valve
3. Control component—shuttle valve

 Shuttle valve selected hydraulic oil direction

automatically according to the pressure high or low .
A1

A2
3. Control component—cross valve

 The cross valve use the relative motion that the spool make
in the valve body, causes the oil line connection or cut-off so
that change the oil direction.
 Van xuyên sử dụng các chuyển động tương đối mà các ống
chỉ thực hiện trong thân van, làm cho kết nối đường ống dẫn
dầu hoặc cắt để thay đổi hướng dầu.
 The cross valve can be divided into manual, mechanical,
solenoid, hydraulic, electro hydraulic according to the spool
movement mode .
 Van chéo có thể được chia thành dẫn sử dụng, cơ khí, điện
từ, thủy lực, điện thủy lực theo phương thức di chuyển ống
3. Control component—hydraulic cross valve

 Below is slide valve hydraulic control cross valve

structure :

Centering spring

Pilot oil inlet

Pilot oil return

3. Control component—solenoid cross
valve
 Below is two-position three way solenoid
valve:
3. Control component—cartridge inserted valve

 In order to overcome the early slide valve type hydraulic

valve poor sealing, and poor sensitivity, standard basic
cartridge inserted valve components are designed,
combination these basic components and other control
valve can achieve pressure, flow and direction control.
3. Control component—servo valve

 The servo valve is one kind of hydraulic control valve by

change input signal, continuously proportion control the flow
and the pressure.
 Van servo là một loại van điều khiển thủy lực thay đổi của
tín hiệu đầu vào, liên tục tỷ lệ kiểm soát dòng chảy và áp lực

 The servo valve according to input signal different, also

divides into the electro-hydraulic servo valve and
mechanical- hydraulic servo valve.
 Van servo theo tín hiệu đầu vào khác nhau, cũng chia thành
van servo điện-thủy lực và van servo thuỷ lực mechanical-
3. Control component-electro-hydraulic servo
valve

 Electro-hydraulic servo valves are electro-hydraulic conversion

elements, and power amplifier components, it will convert the low-
power electro signal input to high-power hydraulic power output ,
realization of actuator displacement, velocity, acceleration and force
control.
 Van servo điện-thủy lực là những yếu tố chuyển đổi điện-thủy lực, và
các thành phần khuếch đại công suất, nó sẽ chuyển đổi năng lượng
thấp điện tín hiệu đầu vào năng lượng cao sản lượng điện thủy lực,
thực hiện các cơ cấu chấp hành di dời, vận tốc, gia tốc và điều khiển
lực.
3 . C O N T R O L C O M P O N E N T- E L E C T R O - H Y D R A U L I C
P R O P O R T I O N A L VA LV E

 Electro-hydraulic proportional valve is a control valve its

performance between ordinary hydraulic control valves and
electro-hydraulic Servo valves , it can be either long control,
computer controlled, in manufacturing costs and pollution
resistance superior to electro-hydraulic Servo valve.
 Điện-thủy lực van tỷ lệ là một van điều khiển hiệu quả của
nó giữa van điều khiển thủy lực thông thường và van servo
điện-thủy lực, nó có thể là kiểm soát dài, máy tính điều
khiển, chi phí sản xuất và khả năng chống ô nhiễm vượt trội
so với điện-thủy lực van servo.
3. Control component-electro-hydraulic
proportional valve

 Electro-hydraulic proportional valve is divided into four

categories according to the use :
 Điện-thủy lực van tỷ lệ được chia thành bốn loại theo việc
sử dụng:
 1. Electro-hydraulic proportional pressure valve
 2. Electro-hydraulic proportional flow valve
 3. Electro-hydraulic proportional directional control valve
 4. Electro-hydraulic proportional combination valve
4. Hydraulic auxiliary component- accumulator
Thành phần phụ trợThủy lực- Bình tích
 Accumulator is a storage and release oil’s pressure energy devices in hydraulic
system, it is divided into gravity-loaded (heavy hammer), spring loaded (spring
type) and gas loaded according to different stored energy mode.
 Bình tích được lưu chữ và chứa năng lượng áp suât thiết bị trong hệ thống
thủy lực Nó được chia thành lực hấp dẫn nạp (búa nặng), lò xo (loại mùa xuân)
và khí nạp theo chế độ năng lượng lưu trữ khác nhau.

 Main functions of accumulator in hydraulic system's are:

 Các chức năng chính của bình tích trong hệ thống thủy lục.
 1. As an auxiliary power source (Như nguồn năng lượng bổ xung )
 2. Compensate leakage and maintaining constant pressure
 Bổ xung sự rò rỉ và duy trì áp suất tiêu chuẩn
 3. As emergency power source Như nguồn năng lượng khẩn cấp
 4. Absorb pulse, reducing noise ( hấp thụ rung động , giảm tiếng ồn
 5. Absorb hydraulic impact Hấp thụ tác động thủy lực
Table of contents

 1. Form of liquid drive

 2. Hydraulic drive and its advantage and
disadvantage
 3. Application and development of hydraulic drive
 4. Basic theory and phenomenon
 5. Commonly lines and symbols of hydraulic
system
 6. Basic composition of hydraulic system
 7. Classify of hydraulic system
7. Classify of hydraulic system

The hydraulic system have open system and closed system

according to the performance:

Open system: the hydraulic oil don’t circulate, return to the

tank through the cross valve, usually is composed by the
multitandem valve (solenoid valve, electrohydraulic valve), the
cylinder. Such as work hydraulic pressure part of Wheel
Loader, Forklift, Excavator, Motor Grader, Backhoe Loader,
Crane, Skid Steer Loader.
 OPEN-CENTER SYSTEM.

 In this system, a control-valve spool must be open in the center to

allow pump flow to pass through the valve and return to the
reservoir.
 To operate several functions simultaneously, an open-center system
must have the correct connections, An open-center system is
efficient on single functions but is limited with multiple functions.
7. CLASSIFY OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

 Closed system: The hydraulic oil constitute the return route

between the pump and the motor, besides leakage oil , don’t
return to the oil tank, the system efficiency is high.Usually is
composed by the pump and the motor, mostly uses in the
high pressure system. Such as walk of Skid Steer Loader,
walk 、 vibration 、 inspire pound, scraper transport 、
screw transportation of paver, vibrates 、 walks (the entire
hydraulic pressure) of Road Roller and so on.
CLOSED-CENTER SYSTEM

 In this system, a pump can rest when the oil is not required to
operate a function.
 This means that a control valve is closed in the center,
stopping the flow of the oil from the pump.
7. Classify of hydraulic system

 Complex hydraulic system, are divided into several sub

systems according to the functions of the machine, such as
steering hydraulic system 、 work hydraulic system of wheel
loader; steering hydraulic system, load hydraulic system,
excavator hydraulic system of Backhoe loader; steering
hydraulic system 、 vibration hydraulic system, driven
hydraulic system of Road Roller; thermal-hydraulic system if
independently thermal .
 THANK YOU
T O U G H W O R L D . T O U G H E Q U I P M E N T.