MOLECULAR

POLARITY
POLAR AND NONPOLAR BONDS

• There are two types of covalent bonds

• Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal share of
electrons)
• Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal share of
electrons)
 POLAR COVALENT BOND
• Polar Covalent Bond is
unequal sharing of electrons
between two atoms (H-Cl)
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
• A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is an equal
sharing of electrons between two atoms
(Cl-Cl, N-N, O-O)
 IONIC COVALENT
WHAT IS IT A type of chemical bond formed from A type of chemical bond formed
the electrostatic attraction between from the attraction of two
cation and anion. This occurs mainly nonmetals.
between metal and a non metal.
FORMATION When oppositely charged ions attract When atoms share electrons to
with each other. Electrons are become stable. The
transferred from one atom to another. electronegativity difference
They either gain or lose electrons. between nonmetallic elements
should be equal or less than 1.9.
POLARITY High Low
SHAPE No definite shape With definite shape
OCCURS A metal and a nonmetal Two nonmetals
BETWEEN
ELECTRICAL Poor conductors but can conduct Do not conduct electricity
CONDUCTIVITY electricity when molten or dissolved in
water.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

•Measure of the relative tendency of an atom

to attract electrons to itself when chemically
combined with another atom. The higher the
value of electronegativity, the more it tends
to attract electrons toward itself.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONDS
You can determine the type of bond
between two atoms by calculating
the difference in electronegativity
values between the elements
The bigger the electronegativity
difference the more polar the bond.
DIPOLE
•Refers to “two poles”, meaning there is a
positive and a negative pole within a molecule.
•Elements with the higher EN value become the
partial negative pole while elements with lower
EN value become the partial positive pole. This
makes a polar molecule a polar molecule.
Example:
CaCl2 (Ionic) CO2 (Polar Covalent) N2 (Non-Polar
Covalent)
Ca= 1.0 O= 3.5 N= 3.0
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

• Linear- Two bond pairs of electrons

• Trigonal Planar- three bonding pairs of electrons
• Tetrahedron- four bonding pairs of electron
• Trigonal bipyramid- five bonding pairs of electron
• Octahedron- six bonding pair of electron
POLAR VS. NON-POLAR MOLECULES

• Polarity in a molecules determines whether or not electrons in that

molecule are shared equally.

• When determining the polarity of a molecule, it is all about symmetry.

• Asymmetric molecules tend to be polar.
• Symmetric molecules are always non-polar.
• In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the other.
• In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar electronegativities.
• An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule.
• An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar molecule.
• A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds, is
always a nonpolar molecule.