REFERENCES

Searching sources on the internet.

ONLINE
RESEARCH:
 There is so much information available on the Internet
that it has become an essential tool in academic and
business writing. The problem is that we do not always
know whether the available information is credible or
relevant.
 Jane English (2012:214) details three steps designed to
help refine the online research process:
 Establish keywords:
 Use search operators
 Combine keywords and search operators to create a
search phrase:
ONLINE RESEARCH:
ESTABLISH
KEYWORDS
 These are words or phrases that can be used to
describe your research topic or subject area – these
should be taken from the topic itself, or from your
own understanding of it.
 There are two main types of keywords: broad and
narrow. E.g., a broad subject keyword could be
‘sport’ – something general, which can then be
explained by a range of narrow keywords, such as
‘rugby’, ‘soccer’, ‘Olympics’, etc. to refine your
search.
 You could also choose a broad keyword that is
already quite specific, e.g.: ‘rugby’, and then narrow
that further – ‘schools’, ‘weekend results’, ‘Sharks’,
etc.
ONLINE RESEARCH:
USE SEARCH
OPERATORS
 Certain punctuation marks can help refine your searches
(Google, 2014), e.g.:
 Placing inverted commas (“ ”) around your search terms
will only return results in which those words are used
together in a sentence.
 Placing an asterisk (*) immediately before or after a word
will return results which feature different variations of that
word, or the most common searches that include that word
(e.g. *soccer will return “European soccer” and “live
soccer”, whilst soccer* will return “Soccer24”, “soccer
scores”, etc.)
 Placing a minus sign (-) before a word (with no space in-
between) will exclude all results that include that word (e.g.
Soccer -England will return results about soccer, but not
soccer played in England).
ONLINE RESEARCH:
COMBINE KEYWORDS AND SEARCH
OPERATORS TO CREATE A SEARCH
PHRASE

 Combining your broad and narrow

keywords with appropriate search
operators will create a series of targeted
search phrases that will help you locate
the information you need.
 E.g. searching for: funny advert* “South
Africa” –Nando’s will return pages about
funny adverts or advertising campaigns
from South Africa, but exclude all results
about Nando’s.
ONLINE
RESEARCH
PAGE 221
 use online academic sources to ensure that your information is credible

 According to Du Toit( 2013) one can ask the following questions to determine
whether an internet source is credible and reputable:

 Does the work appear to be well researched?

 Is the information linked to an original source ?

 Is there a bibliography or are links given to other helpful sites.

 Is the information current ? when was the last it was updated ?

 Does the site appear to be biased?

 Has the site been rated by any reputable groups?

 What are the goals of the site? To provide information or to advertise ?

 Who is the target audience ?

 Activity 2.3.1: Online research on rc learn

DIRECT QUOTE
PARAPHRASING
SUMMARY
REFERENCE LIST
QUOTING AND
PARAPHRASING:
PAGE 212 TO 214
 Using and referencing direct quotes

Only use direct quotes for :

1. Definitions or parts of definition
2. Terms that a particular author has coined and
can not be paraphrased.
3. Particular powerful or controversial statements
4. Incorporating informal language into academic
writing
5. Any part of a law, theory, policy or principles
DIRECT
QUOTES
 when using direct quote (word for word) always include ‘quotation marks’ on the
phrase or part you copied.

 A direct quote entails the exact words of the author.

 According to Nevil (2017:4), plagiarism in the academic world can be defined
as ‘a deliberate decision by someone to not acknowledge the work of others’.
 Plagiarism can be defined as: ‘a deliberate decision by someone to not
acknowledge the work of others’ (Nevil,2017:4).

 But sometimes when we want to ad or omit words we use three dots(…)

 Nevil (2017:4), explains how plagiarism in the academic world can be defined
as ‘a deliberate decision’… to copy someone's work.

 It is important to always include a citation. What is a Citation

 (year of publication :page no. which you get your information)
 (2017: 4)
 (Nevil, 2017: 4)
PARAPHRASIN
G
 You paraphrase when you use the work, words
and ideas of someone else in your words.
 When you paraphrase it is important that the
meaning stays the same
 Even when you paraphrase one still needs to
reference .
 Paraphrasing helps one to avoid plagiarism and it
allows one to structure their own work in a more
logical way because you can integrate other
authors thoughts more fully into the structure of
your writing.
PARAPHRASIN
G
 The following processes are useful for summarising and paraphrasing.

1. Read the text several times

2. Identify the man points the author is making .

3. Consider how these points support or contradict the argument you want to make
.

4. Try to determine what the attitude of the author is towards the topic.

5. Try to phrase the main points in a way that means approximately the same as
the original idea.

6. Without returning to the original text, write down the main ideas in your own
words and link it logically to your argument.

7. Reread the original text to ensure that you have retained the intended meaning.

8. Use synonyms

9. Changing word form

10. Re ordering main ideas

REFERENCING
Introduction

 When someone accuses you of stealing something, what is your first

reaction?

 It is easier to prove or disprove theft of a physical object. However, what

about an idea or argument? How can you prove that you have not ‘stolen’
ideas from someone?

 Plagiarism is a deliberate decision by someone not to acknowledge the work

of others or to ignore the requirement to do so. You can avoid this by
referencing all the sources you have used

What you do not need to reference

1. Anything that can be regard as common knowledge .

2. Your own views.

3. Your own conclusion drawn from the evidence that has been presented
REFERENCING
The are five keys reason why you have to use reference:

 Reference gives your work credibility because it shows that you have based
your work on expert opinion

 When you reference you show that your arguments are supported by
scientific evidence.

 Referencing shows that you have covered your field thoroughly and that you
have read widely in order to form an informed opinion .

 If your source are recent it shows that your reading is up-to-date.

 It presents others with an opportunity to advance their own knowledge

because through referencing they can go back to the original source to
examine the evidence for themselves

 You demonstrate academic integrity because referencing helps you to avoid

plagiarism
REFERENCING
Avoid plagiarism

 Plagiarism is a deliberate decision made by someone to not acknowledge the

work of others or to blatantly ignore the requirements (referencing and in
text) to do so.

 Plagiarism is when copy someone's else work and presenting it as your own.

There are several reasons why plagiarism is unethical.

 If you plagiarise ,you are robbing yourself of an opportunity to learn and
develop the skills you need.
 By plagiarising you deny yourself the opportunity to improve your skills
through honest feedback
 You are committing fraud because you are stealing .
 You build a negative reputation for yourself
 Refer to page 211 for more reasons
THE HARVARD
METHOD
The Harvard Method

 One of the most common referencing styles is the Harvard Method – also
known as the author-date method.

Book

 The Harvard reference entry should ALWAYS be in this order when it’s a
book:
 Authors surname, initials. (year of publication). Book title. Place of
publication. Publisher
 ASI. YTPP.

Journals

 The Harvard reference entry should ALWAYS be in this order when it’s a
Journal:
 Authors surname, initials. (year of publication). Journal title. Name of
journal. Volume and (issue). page number
THE HARVARD
METHOD
Book
Smith,J. and Jones,L. (2014). Communication in
Organization. New York: ABC Publisher.

ASI. TPP.

Journals
Gogwana,G. (2014). ‘Water crisis solution’. South
African journals of ecological balance, 2(4),pp.49-
50.
Please note we are using IIE Harvard reference