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ch3 - 1
ch3 - 1
X 0 1 2 Total
2
f(x)= P(X=x) 4/9 4/9 1/9 f ( x) 1
x0
P(X<1) = P(X=0)=4/9
P(X1) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) = 4/9+4/9 = 8/9
P(X0.5) = P(X=1) + P(X=2) = 4/9+1/9 = 5/9
P(X>8) = P() = 0
P(X<10) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) = P(S) = 1
Example 3.3:
A shipment of 8 similar microcomputers
to a retail outlet contains 3 that are
defective and 5 are non-defective.
If a school makes a random purchase of 2
of these computers, find the probability
distribution of the number of defectives.
Solution:
We need to find the probability distribution of the random
variable: X = the number of defective computers purchased.
Experiment: selecting 2 computers at random out of 8
8
n(S) = 2 equally likely outcomes
The possible values of X are: x=0, 1, 2.
Consider the events:
3 5
(X 0) {0D and 2N} n(X 0)
0 2
3 5
(X 1) {1D and 1N} n(X 1)
1 1
3 5
(X 2) {2D and 0N} n(X 2)
2 0
3 5
n (X 0) 0 2 10
f (0) P(X 0)
n (S) 8 28
2
3 5
n (X 1) 1 1 15
f (1) P(X 1)
n (S) 8 28
2
3 5
n (X 2) 2 0 3
f (2) P(X 2)
n (S) 8 28
2
In general, for x=0,1, 2, we have:
3 5
n (X x ) x 2 x
f ( x ) P(X x )
n (S) 8
2
The probability distribution of X is:
x 0 1 2 Total
10 15 3
f(x)= P(X=x) 1.00
28 28 28
3 5
x 2 x ; x 0, 1, 2
f ( x) P( X x) 8 Hypergeometric
Distribution
2
0 ; otherwise
Definition 3.5:
The cumulative distribution function (CDF), F(x), of a discrete
random variable X with the probability function f(x) is given by:
F(x) P(X x ) f ( t ) P(X t ); for <x<
tx tx
Example:
Find the CDF of the random variable X with the probability
function:
X 0 1 2
10 15 3
F(x)
28 28 28
Solution:
F(x)=P(Xx) for <x<
For x<0: F(x)=0
10
For 0x<1: F(x)=P(X=0)=
28
10 15 25
For 1x<2: F(x)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)=
28 28 28
10 15 3
For x2: F(x)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)= 1
28 28 28
The CDF of the random variable X is:
0 ; x0
10
; 0 x 1
28
F ( x) P( X x)
25 ; 1 x 2
28
1 ; x2
Note:
F(0.5) = P(X0.5)=0
25
F(1.5)=P(X1.5)=F(1) =
28
F(3.8) =P(X3.8)=F(2)= 1
Result:
P(a < X b) = P(X b) P(X a) = F(b) F(a)
P(a X b) = P(a < X b) + P(X=a) = F(b) F(a) + f(a)
P(a < X < b) = P(a < X b) P(X=b) = F(b) F(a) f(b)
Result:
Suppose that the probability function of X is:
x x1 x2 x3 … xn
P(XA) = f(x) dx
A
= area under the curve
f: R [0, ) of f(x) and over the
region A
Definition 3.6:
The function f(x) is a probability density function (pdf) for a
continuous random variable X, defined on the set of real
numbers, if:
1. f(x) 0 x R
2. f(x) dx 1
b
-
3. P(a X b) = f(x) dx a, b R; ab
a
Note:
For a continuous random variable X, we have:
1. f(x) P(X=x) (in general)
2. P(X=a) = 0 for any aR
3. P(a X b)= P(a < X b)= P(a X < b)= P(a < X < b)
4. P(XA)=f(x) dx
A
Total area
f x dx 1 area Pa X b
b
a f x dx
area P X b area P X a
b f x dx
a
f x dx
Example 3.6:
Suppose that the error in the reaction temperature, in oC, for a
controlled laboratory experiment is a continuous random
variable X having the following probability density function:
1 2
x ; 1 x 2
f ( x) 3
0 ; elsewhere
f(x) dx 1
1. Verify that (a) f(x) 0 and (b)
2. Find P(0<X1) -
Solution:
X = the error in the reaction
temperature in oC.
X is continuous r. v.
1 2
x ; 1 x 2
f ( x) 3
0 ; elsewhere
1. (a) f(x) 0 because f(x) is a quadratic function.
1 2
1 2
(b) - f(x) dx - 0 dx -1 3 x dx 2 0 dx
2
1 2 1 3 x 2
x dx x
-1
3 9 x 1
1
(8 (1)) 1
9
1 11
2
2. P(0<X1) = f(x) dx x dx
0 03
1 3 x 1
x
9 x 0
1
(1 (0))
9
1
9
Definition 3.7:
The cumulative distribution function (CDF), F(x), of a continuous
random variable X with probability density function f(x) is given
by: x
Result:
P(a < X b) = P(X b) P(X a) = F(b) F(a)
Example:
in Example 3.6,
1.Find the CDF
2.Using the CDF, find P(0<X1).
Solution:
1 2
x ; 1 x 2
f ( x) 3
0 ; elsewhere