EDA 223

Lesson 2:
Introduction to
Probability & Statistics

PREPARED BY: CHARLES G. LIM, ECE, ECT [DHVSU-CEA, 2022]

Module Outline:

• Probability Defined
• Statistics Defined
• Random Events
• Sample Spaces
Probability and statistics are concerned with
events which occur by chance.

Module Outline:
Example of these events are:
• Probability Defined
• Statistics Defined
• occurrence• of accidents
Random Events
• Probability• of rain Spaces
Sample
• Arriving on time during a gathering
Probability and statistics are concerned with
events which occur by chance.

In each case we may have some knowledge of the

likelihood of various possible results, but we cannot
predict with any certainty the outcome of any trial.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Chance

• the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious intention

or cause

• “You have a 50% chance of winning.”

• “You only have one chance to pass the exam.”
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Probability

• An area of study which involves predicting the relative

likelihood of various outcomes.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Probability

• Refers to the study of randomness and uncertainty. In any

situation in which one of several possible outcomes may
occur, the discipline of probability provides methods for
quantifying the chances, or likelihoods, associated with the
various outcomes.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Statistics

• a branch of applied mathematics dealing with data collection,

organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Statistics

• Subdivided into two categories:

• Descriptive Statistics
• Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
- this is a type of statistics that summarizes
data.

- It involves using numbers to describe features of

data.

- Mean, Median, Mode, Frequency distributions,

etc.
Descriptive Statistics
Examples:

- The average number of students per section in the

Civil Engineering program of DHVSU is 50.

- 45 out of 100 ECE graduates from DHVTSU

passed the board exam last October 2018.
Inferential Statistics

- A type of statistics that predicts data.

- It measures the certainty of a prediction

- In this statistics, you are trying to reach

conclusions that extend beyond the immediate
data alone.
Inferential Statistics
Examples:

- Predicting the future value of Bitcoin based on

existing data.

- Testing the hypothesis that the average number of

cigarettes a smoker finishes in a day with 5%
margin of error and a standard deviation of 2 is
greater than 10 sticks.
 In the study of statistics, we are concerned
basically with the presentation and
interpretation of chance outcomes that occur
in a planned study or scientific investigation.
 Hence, the statistician is often dealing with
either numerical data, representing counts or
measurements, or categorical data, which can
be classified according to some criterion.
 Random Events

Random events are processes that are not and cannot be

made exact and, consequently, whose outcome cannot be
predicted.
 Random Events

Examples:
The sum of two numbers on a rolled pair of dice.

The result of flipping a coin.

The result of picking a card in a standard deck.

 Random Events

Although we cannot predict the certainty of these events, we

can, however, identify all the possible outcomes.

The set of all possible outcomes is called a sample space (S).

 Sample Space

Example 1: Consider the experiment of tossing a

die. If we are interested in the number that shows
on the top face, the sample space is:

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
6 possible outcomes

If we are interested only in whether the number is even or odd, the sample
space is simply:
S = {even, odd}
2 possible outcomes
 Sample Space

Example 2: : Two gas stations are located at a certain intersection. Each one has six gas pumps.
Consider the experiment in which the number of pumps in use at a particular time of day is
determined for each of the stations. Evaluate all possible outcomes.

|S| = 7 x 7 = 49 ; 49 possible outcomes

 Sample Space

Example 3: : Let A be the event of detecting a microorganism through the

naked eye in a biological experiment. Evaluate the sample space.

A = { } or
 Sample Space

Example 4: : Let A be the event of detecting a microorganism through the

naked eye in a biological experiment. Evaluate the sample space.

A = { } or
 Sample Space

Example 5: : Consider an experiment in which each of three vehicles taking a particular

freeway exit turns left (L) or right (R) at the end of the exit ramp. Evaluate the sample space
of the following events:

a) The event that exactly one out of three vehicle turns right
b) The even that at most, one of the vehicle turns right
c) The event that all three vehicles turn on the same direction.
Solution: Evaluate the whole sample space first.
• It is possible that all three cars turn right {RRR}
• It is possible that all three cars turn left {LLL}
• It is possible that that the first car turns right and the other two turn left {RLL}

• As such, all possible outcomes are:

S = {RRR, LRR, RLR, RRL, LLL, RLL, LRL, LLR}
 Sample Space

Example 5: : Consider an experiment in which each of three vehicles taking a particular

freeway exit turns left (L) or right (R) at the end of the exit ramp. Evaluate the sample space
of the following events:

a) The event that exactly one out of three vehicle turns right

• All possible outcomes are:

S = {RRR, LRR, RLR, RRL, LLL, RLL, LRL, LLR}
• Based on all the possible outcomes, the event that exactly one out of three vehicles turns
right is

• A = {RLL, LRL, LLR}

 Sample Space

Example 5: : Consider an experiment in which each of three vehicles taking a particular

freeway exit turns left (L) or right (R) at the end of the exit ramp. Evaluate the sample space
of the following events:

b) The even that at most, one of the vehicle turns right

• All possible outcomes are:

S = {RRR, LRR, RLR, RRL, LLL, RLL, LRL, LLR}
• Based on all the possible outcomes, the event that at most, one of the vehicle turns right is:

• B = {LLL, RLL, LRL, LLR}

 Sample Space

Example 5: : Consider an experiment in which each of three vehicles taking a particular

freeway exit turns left (L) or right (R) at the end of the exit ramp. Evaluate the sample space
of the following events:

c) The event that all three vehicles turn on the same direction.

• All possible outcomes are:

S = {RRR, LRR, RLR, RRL, LLL, RLL, LRL, LLR}
• Based on all the possible outcomes, The event that all three vehicles turn on the same
direction is:

• C = {LLL, RRR}
END OF LESSON 2

PREPARED BY: CHARLES G. LIM, ECE, ECT [DHVSU-CEA,

2023]