Frequency

Distribution
- The most convenient way of organizing data is by constructing
frequency distribution.

- Is a collection of observations produced by sorting them into classes

and showing their frequency of occurrence in each class.

3 basic types of frequency distribution

1. Categorical
2. Grouped
3. Ungrouped
 CATEGORICAL FREQUENCY
- Is a used for data that can be placed in specific categories such as nominal or ordinal
level data.

EXAMPLE 1.
sample survey of the letters A, B and C represent the three categories.
A B A A C C A C C C
C B C B B C B B B C
B C C A C C C B C A

Construct a frequency distribution table for these data.

Solution.
- The categories are the letters. Record these categories in the first column. Then read each result from
the given data and mark a tally, denoted by “│” in the second column next to he corresponding
category. The tallies are marked in blocks of fives for counting convenience. Lastly, record the total
tallies for each category in the third column. This column is called the column of frequency.

CATEGORY TALLY FREQUENCY (f)

A IIIII-I 6
B IIIII-IIII 9
C IIIII-IIIII-IIIII 15
sum= 30

The sum of the entries in the frequency column gives the sample size or total
frequency.
Drill 11.
Twenty- five students were given a blood rest to determine their blood type. The
data set is as follows:
A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O A O
A A O O A
AB O O B AB
CATEGORY TALLY FREQUENCY (f)

When observations are sorted into classes of single values, the result is called a frequency
distribution for ungrouped data. When observations are sorted into classes of more than one value, the
result is called a frequency distribution for grouped data.
 WEEKLY EXPENSES OF 80 EMPLOYEES
Variable Weekly Expenses Number of Employees
100 – 104 ` 5
2nd class 105 – 109 16 Frequency of
110 – 114 11 the 2nd class
Lower limit of 115 – 119 40
the 4th class
120 – 124 8
Upper limit of
he 4th class
The following are the basic terminologies associated with frequency
tables.
LOWER CLASS LIMIT – the smallest data value that can be included in the class.
UPPER CLASS LIMIT – the largest data value that can be included in the class.
CLASS BOUNDARIES – are used to separate the classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency
distribution.
CLASS MARKS – the midpoints of he classes.

2
CLASS WIDTH – the difference between two consecutive lower class limits.

The class width of the preceding distribution is 5 ( 105 – 100 = 5 ).

 The class width of the preceding distribution is 5 (105-100=5).
The following are the steps in constructing a frequency distribution.

Step 1. Decide on the number of classes your frequency table will have. Usually, it is between 5 and 20.
Step 2. Find the range. This is the difference between the highest and lowest score.
Step 3. Find the class width. Divide the range by the number of classes. The class width should be an odd numbers.
This ensures that the midpoint of each class has the same place value as the data.
Step 4. Select a starting point, either the lowest score or the lower class limit. Add the class width to the starting point
to get the second lower class limit. Then enter the upper class limit.
Step 5. Find the boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from each lower class limit and adding 0.5 to the upper class limit.
Step 6. Represent each score by a tally.
Step 7. Count the total frequency for each class.
EXAMPLE 2. When 40 people were surveyed at Greenbelt 3, they reported the distance they drove to the mall, and the
result (in kilometers) are given below.
2 8 1 5 9 5 14 10 31 20
15 4 10 6 5 5 1 8 12 10
25 40 31 24 20 20 3 9 15 15
25 8 1 1 16 23 18 25 21 12

Construct a frequency distribution table.

Solution.
Follow the steps:
Step 1. The number of classes is 8. (chosen arbitrarily)
Step 2. Range = highest – lowest = 40 – 1 = 39
Step 3. Class width = = = 4.875≈ 5
Step 4. Determine the lower class limit. Subtract 1 unit from the lower class limit of the
second class to obtain the upper limit of the first class: 6 – 1 =
Class Limit Class Limit
5. Then add the class width to get the succeeding upper class limits.
1- 1-
6- 6-
11 - 11 -
16 - 16 -
21 - 21 -
26 – 26 –
31 - 31 -
36 - 36 -
Step 5. Determine the boundaries.
Class Limit Class boundaries
1- 5 0.5 – 5.5
6 – 10 5.5 – 0.5
11 – 15 10.5 – 15.5
16 - 20 15.5 – 20.5
21 – 25 20.5 – 25.5
26 – 30 25.5 – 30.5
31 – 35 30.5 – 35.5
36 - 40 35.5 – 40.5
Step 6. Tally the scores.
Class Limit Class boundaries Tally
1- 5 0.5 – 5.5 IIIII-IIIII-I
6 – 10 5.5 – 0.5 IIIII-IIII
11 – 15 10.5 – 15.5 IIIII-I
16 - 20 15.5 – 20.5 IIIII
21 – 25 20.5 – 25.5 IIIII-I
26 – 30 25.5 – 30.5
31 – 35 30.5 – 35.5 II
36 - 40 35.5 – 40.5 I
Step 7. Make the frequency distribution table.
Class Limit Class boundaries Tally Frequency
1- 5 0.5 – 5.5 IIIII-IIIII-I 11
6 – 10 5.5 – 0.5 IIIII-IIII 9
11 – 15 10.5 – 15.5 IIIII-I 6
16 - 20 15.5 – 20.5 IIIII 5
21 – 25 20.5 – 25.5 IIIII-I 6
26 – 30 25.5 – 30.5 0
31 – 35 30.5 – 35.5 II 2
36 - 40 35.5 – 40.5 I 1
A variation of the standard frequency table is used when cumulative totals are desired. The cumulative frequency for a
table, whose classes are in increasing order, is the sum of the frequency for that class and all previous classes.
Class Limits Class Class Tally Frequency Cumulative
Boundaries midpoint frequency
1- 5 0.5 – 5.5 3 IIIII-IIIII-I 11 11
6 – 10 5.5 – 0.5 8 IIIII-IIII 9 20
11 – 15 10.5 – 15.5 13 IIIII-I 6 26
16 - 20 15.5 – 20.5 18 IIIII 5 31
21 – 25 20.5 – 25.5 23 IIIII-I 6 37
26 – 30 25.5 – 30.5 28 0 37
31 – 35 30.5 – 35.5 33 II 2 39
36 - 40 35.5 -40.5 38 I 1 40
NOTE: When constructing frequency table.
1. The class must be mutually exclusive; each score must belong to only one class .
2. Include all classes, even if their frequency is zero.
3. Make sure that all classes have the same width.
4. Try to select convenient number for class limit.
5. Make sure that the number of classes should be between 5 and 20.
Normal distribution
Normal Distributions and the Empirical Rule
• One of the most important statistical distribution of Data is known as a normal distribution. This
distribution occurs in a variety of applications. Types of data that may demonstrate a normal
distribution include the lengths of leaves on a tree, the weights of newborn in a hospital, the lengths of
leaves of time of a students trip from home to school over a period of months, the SAT scores of a large
group of students, and a life spans of light bulbs.
• A normal distribution forms a bell-shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical
line through the mean of the data. A graph of normal distribution with a mean of 5 is
shown at the left.
 Properties of Normal Distribution
Every normal distribution has the following properties.
• The graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean of the distribution.
• The mean, median and mode are equal.
• The y-value of each point on the curve is the percent 9 expressed as a decimal) of the data at the
corresponding x-value.
• Areas under the curve that are symmetric about the mean are equal.
• The total area under the curve is 1.
Empirical Rule of normal distribution
If a data set is normally distributed with the mean µ and standard deviation σ,
then

approximately 68% of the data lies within ±σ from µ.

approximately 95% of the data lies within ±2σ from µ.
approximately 99.7% of the data lies within ±3σ from µ.
The Standard Normal Distribution

The standard normal distribution is the normal distribution that has a mean of
0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Tables ad calculators are often used to determine the area under a portion of the
standard normal curve. We will refer to this type of area as an area of the
standard normal distribution.
The Standard Normal Distribution, Areas, Percentages, And Probabilities

In the standard normal distribution the area of the distribution from z = a to z = b

represents
• The percentage of z-values that lie in the interval from a to b.
• The probability that z lies in the interval from a to b.
Because the area of a portion of the standard normal distribution can be interpreted as a
percentage of the data as a probability that the variable lies in a particular interval, we
can use the standard normal distribution to solve many application problems.
Presented to:
Professor Kenneth C. Ocampo

Presented by:
Leverty Gomoloy Richard Corpus Condes
Sherwen Mae Gumanggad Terie Calio
Arjohn Galabin Kim De Guzman
Christine Calasig Lovely Duran Cotot
Johncarlo Icao Marialyn Patagoc Fineza
Mary Grace Condes