Syed Ali Imran

Senior Lecturer, Department of H & SS

sai.bimcs@gmail.com / Manager
BIC Room, ground floor Iqbal
Block near I – 102

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 Chapter# 1
Introduction: Basic
Mathematical Concepts
Lecture# 1

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1.1 Equation
An equation states the equality of two
expression or mathematical expression or
algebraic expressions.
The following are examples of equations:

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1.2 Variable
Variable is an entity or thing, which you might
consider as a placeholder for any qualitative or
quantitative data or range of data.
For example in previous slide in equations (1), (2) &
(3), x, r, s, t and w play the role of variables.

1.3 Solution of an equation

Solution of an equation consists of those values (also
called roots of an equation) which when we substitute
for the variables, make the equation correct. In other
words we say that roots of an equation are those values
which satisfies the equation.

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For example if we put x = 0 in equation (1), we get

-10 = 22, which is false statement or result i.e. x=0

not the root of the eqn (1), to solve eqn (1), we get x = 4,
which is root of eqn (1) i.e. satisfies eqn (1).

1.4 Types of Equations

We can distinguish 3 types of equations.

a. Identity Equation
b. Conditional Equation
c. False Statement or Contradiction

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a. Identity Equation
An identity or identity equation is an equation
which is true for all values of the variables.
For example, given eqn is an identity:

b. Conditional Equation
A Conditional Equation is true for only a
limited number of values of the variables. For
example :

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The above equation is only true when x = 2.

c. Contradiction or False statement

A Contradiction or False statement is an
equation which is never true. For example

We know that this equation is not true i.e. we

indicates this condition as:

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1.5 Rules for manupulating equations

I. Real – valued expressions which are equal can be

added to or subtracted from both sides of an
equation.

II. Both sides of an equation may be multiplied or

divided by any non – zero constant.

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III. Both sides of an equation may be multiplied
by a quantity which involves variables.

IV. Both sides of an equation may be squared.

V. Both sides of an equation may be divided by

an expression which involves variables provided
the expression is not equal to zero.

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1.6 First degree equation in one variable
Any linear equation involving one variable is term as
first degree equation in one variable. For example
equation (1) in lecture 1 is a linear equation or first
degree equation in one variable.

We define degree of an equation is the highest power or

exponent of the independent or simply variables of that
equation. For example degree of equations (1), (2) & (3)
are 1, 1 & 2 respectively.

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Section 1.1 (page 7)
Solve the following exercises.

1.

2. (in Book Q#15, page 8)

Practice Questions [Do yourself Q#5,9, 17

& 19 (page 7 to 8)]

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Learning Objectives:

• To solve the Inequalities

• To understand the concept of Absolute value

• To understand the properties of Absolute value

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Inequalities and their Solution

Inequalities expresses the condition that two

quantities (expression or mathematical
expression ) are not equal. The detail present in
the text book page 11 to 14.

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Q#19 [page 19]
Solve the following Inequality ? (Solution
will be discuss in class)

Q#25 [page 19]

Solve the following Inequality ?
(Solution will be discuss in class)
Q#28 [page 19]
Solve the following Inequality
? (Solution will be discuss in class)
Practice Questions [Section 1.3 Do yourself Q#1, 11, 15, 17,
21 & 29 (page 19 )]

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Sec (1.3) page 19
Solve the following 2nd degree inequalities:

To solve above questions 35 and 37 see examples (14 &

15) from page (16) to page (18)

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