CHAPTER – 5

ORGANIC
MATERIALS
2 Samidha Banka 9/1/2020
 Learning
3

Outcomes
Describe polymers
 Compare types of polymerization
 Describe and classify plastics,
rubbers
 Explain vulcanizing of rubber

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4 Polyme
rs
Define polymer and polymerization.
Classification and Properties of Polymers.
Differentiate between Addition and
condensation polymerization

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 Definition -
5

Polymer
Polymers are materials made of long,
repeating chains of molecules.
 The materials have unique properties,
depending on the type of molecules being
bonded and how they are bonded.
 Some polymers bend and stretch, like
rubber and polyester.
 Others are hard and tough, like epoxies and
glass.
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 Classification of
6

Polymers
Source Monome Structure of the Molecul Backbone
of Monomer ar
Availabilit rs Chain Forces chain
y
Natural Homo-polymer Linear Elastome Organic
Polyme Polyme
rs rs rs Polyme
rs

Semi- Hetero- Branched- Inorgani

synthetic polymer or chain Fibre c
Polymers co- polymer Polymers s Polyme
rs

Synthet Cross- Thermoplastics

ic linked
Polyme Polymers
rs

Thermosetting
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Banka
9/1/2020
 Properties of
7

 Polymers
Low Density.
 Low coefficient of friction.
 Good corrosion resistance.
 Good mould ability.
 Excellent surface finish can be obtained.
 Can be produced with close dimensional
tolerances.
 Economical.
 Poor tensile strength.
 Low mechanical properties.
 Poor temperature resistance.
 Can be produced transparent or in different
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colours
 Definition -
8

Polymerization
Polymerization, process in relativel
any smallmolecules, called
which y
chemically
monomers,to produce a very large chainlike
combinor
network molecule, called a polymer. e
 The monomer molecules may be all alike, or they
may represent two, three, or more
different compounds.

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 Addition
9

Polymerization
An addition polymer is a polymer that forms by simple
linking of monomers without the co-generation of other
products.
 n RCH =CH2  [RCH-CH2]n
 The addition polymerization mainly takes place in free
radical mechanism.
 Three steps: E.g.:
Polyethylene,
□ Initiation of free
Polypropylene,
radical,
etc.
□ Chain propagation, Samidha Banka 9/1/2020
□ Termination of chain.
 Addition
10

Polymerization

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 Condensation
11

Polymerization
Condensation polymerization is a form of
step- growth polymerization.
 Linear polymers are produced from bi-
functional monomers.
 n H2N-X-CO2H → [HN-X-C(O)]n + n H2O
 Reaction is always accompanied by by-
products.
 Eg. polyester, polyamide, nylon-6,6
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 Condensation
12

Polymerization

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 Condensation
13

Polymerization

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14 Samidha Banka 9/1/2020
 Degree of
15

Polymerization
The length of the polymer chain is specified by the
number of repeat units in the chain, which is called
Degree of Polymerization.

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1 Plastic
6
s
Define plastic
Give classification and uses of
plastic.

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 Plastic
17

s Plastic
 is material
consisting of any of a
wide range of synthetic
or semi-synthetic organic
compounds that are
malleable and can be
moulded into solid
objects.
 Polyethylene, Bakelite, P
VC, Teflon

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 Plasticit
18

y Plasticity is the general property of all materials



which can deform irreversibly without breaking

but, in the class of mouldable polymers, this
occurs to such a degree that their actual
name derives from this specific ability.

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 Classificatio
19

n
Behaviour with • Thermoplastic
respect to • Thermosetting
heating
• Homogeneous
Structur • Heterogeneou
e s

• Rigid Plastics
Physical & • Semi-rigid
Mechanical plastics
Properties • Soft Plastics
• Elastomers
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 Propertie
20

s Strength.


 Weather Resistance.
 Fire Resistance.
 Durability.
 Dimensional
Stability.
 Chemical
Resistance. Samidha Banka 9/1/2020
 Thermal
 Other,
3%
Building &
Construction,
23% Packaging,
35%

Electrical &
Electronics,
8% Footware,
1%
Medical, 2%
Furni Engineering, 2%
ture, Toys/ Sports, 3%
8% Agriculture, 7%
21 Samidha Banka 9/1/2020

T
2 Rubbe
2
rs is rubber?
What
Differentiate between Natural rubber and
Synthetic rubber.
Explain vulcanization of rubber.
Write down uses of natural
rubber.

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 Rubb
23


er
It elastic substance obtained from the
exudations of certain tropical plants
(natural rubber) or derived from
petroleum and natural gas(synthetic
rubber).
 It has good
□ elasticity,
□ resilience and
□ toughness.
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 Difference
24
Between
Natural Rubber
It is a natural biosynthetic
polymer obtained from a tree
called Hevea Brasiliensis
It occurs in plant cells
Monomers include cis-1,4-isoprene
Polymer content or the quality of latex
vary widely and depends on
demographic conditions.
Properties are difficult to change.
Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic rubber is man-made
polymers under controlled
conditions
Synthesized from crude oil by-products
by using solutions or emulsions
polymerization
Differing Monomers
High quality rubbers with consistent
and desired qualities and low
impurities are obtained.
Properties can be grafted
during fabrication.
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 Properties of
25

Rubber
Specific gravity
 Abrasion
resistance
 Tear resistance
 Compression set
 Resilience
 Elongation
 Tensile modulus
 Tensile strength
 Hardness
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 Vulcanization of
26


Rubber
Vulcanization of rubber is a process of
improvement of the rubber
 Elasticity and strength is increased
 By heating it in the presence of sulphur
 which results in three-dimensional cross-linking of the
chain rubber molecules (polyisoprene) bonded to
each other by sulphur atoms.

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 Process of
27

Vulcanization
Mixing of crude rubber with about 5-30% of sulfur (cross-
linking agent) and other additives such as:.
□ activator (commonly zinc oxide or stearic acid),
□ accelerator
(guanidines, thiazoles, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, thiurams) ,
□ coagulants (acetic acid, calcium chloride)
 Slow cross-linking starts at this stage.
 It is necessary to avoid active vulcanization during
mixing, which may cause cracks formation at the moulding
stage.

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 Process of
28

Vulcanization
Molding (shaping) the rubber mixture.
□ The rubber mustbe shaped prior to heating stage
sincecross- linking makes shaping impossible.
 Heating the mixture to 120-200ºC.
□ Increased temperature speeds up the vulcanization
process resulting in fast and complete cross-linking.
□ C-S bonds replace C-H bonds linking chain
polyisoprene molecules.
□ Each link is formed by one to seven sulphur atoms.
 Density of cross-links must be controlled in order to
prevent formation of brittle rubber.
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 Types of Rubber & Their
29

Uses

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3 Fibre
0
s is fibre?
What
Classification, Properties and
Uses

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 Fibre
31

s
 It is a natural or synthetic substance that
is significantly longer than it is wide.
 Fibres are the polymer which have strong
intermolecular forces between the chain.
 These forces are either hydrogen bonds or dipole
dipole interaction .
 E.g.: Nylon – 6, Nylon - 6,6, Polyesters

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32 Samidha Banka 9/1/2020
Classification of
Fibres
 Properties of
34

Fibres
High length to diameter ratio
 High Fineness and flexibility
 Good strength
 Extensibility and elasticity
 Resistance to chemicals, heat and
sunlight
 Ability to be coloured
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 Uses of
35

Fibres
In textile industry
 In making of optic fibres
 In packaging – such as jute
 For making sports goods: such as Parachute,
Ropes

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36 Samidha Banka 9/1/2020