SCHIZOPRENIA

INTRODUCTION
• Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally.
Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and
extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be
disabling.
 
• Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognition), behavior and
emotions
 
• In men, schizophrenia symptoms typically start in the early to mid-20s. In women,
symptoms typically begin in the late 20s. It's uncommon for children to be diagnosed
with schizophrenia and rare for those older than age 45.

• STATISTICALLY 
Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.32%)
worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults (2).
It is not as common as many other mental disorders. Onset is most often during late
adolescence and the twenties, and onset tends to happen earlier among men than among
women.
 
SCHIZOPHRENIC ILLUSTRATION
 
 
 CAUSES

• The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of

physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors.
• Genetics.
• Schizophrenia tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible.
• Brain development.
• Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of
their brains.
• Neurotransmitters.
• There's a connection between neurotransmitters and schizophrenia because drugs that alter the
levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are known to relieve some of the symptoms of
schizophrenia.
• Research suggests schizophrenia may be caused by a change in the level of 2
neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin.
• Pregnancy and birth complications.
• Triggers.
• Stress.
• Drug abuse.
 BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS
• The biochemical factors of Schizophrenia are seen in the
level of neurotransmitters.
• Neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of
Schizophrenia includes Dopamine, Serotonin and
Glutamate.
• Balance between these neurotransmitters may be the
problem.
• Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia:- The original
dopamine hypothesis states that "the brain of
Schizophrenic patients produce more dopamine than the
brain of normal person…
 BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS
CONTD.
• Dopamine Pathways and Schizophrenia
 Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway.
 Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway.
 Nigrostrostrial Dopamine Pathway.
 Dopamine Pathway.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Positive Symptoms of
Schizophrenia:
 Hallucinations.
 Trouble concentrating
 Movement disorders.
• Negative Symptoms
 Lack of pleasure.
 Trouble with speech.
 Cognitive Symptoms &
Thinking Problems.
 BIOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS
• These changes may indicate markers for the disorder and
can provide insights into improved drug treatments.
 Brain PH and Lactate.
 Dopamine.
 Endocannabinoids.
 Serotonin.
 GABA.
 Hormones.
 Lipids.
 SUBTYPES
• Paranoid Schizophrenia.
• Residual Schizophrenia.
• Disorganized Schizophrenia.
• Undifferentiated Schizophrenia.
 PREVALENCE
• Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300
people (0.32%) worldwide.
• This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults .
• It is not as common as many other mental disorders.
• Onset is most often during late adolescence and the twenties, and
onset tends to happen earlier among men than among women. 
• Schizophrenia is frequently associated with significant distress and
impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, and
other important areas of life.
 
• People with schizophrenia are 2 to 3 times more likely to die early
than the general population . This is often due to physical illnesses,
such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and infectious diseases.
 TREATMENT.
The goals in treating schizophrenia include targeting symptoms, preventing relapse, and
increasing adaptive functioning so that the patient can be integrated back into the community.
Psychotherapeutic approaches are in three forms: individual, group, and cognitive behavioral.
These initiatives include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), personal therapy, and
compliance therapy.
Pharmacological therapy: According to the American Psychiatric Association, second-
generation (atypical) antipsychotics (SGAs) with the exception of clozapine are the agents of
choice for first-line treatment of schizophrenia.
SGAs are usually preferred over first-generation (typical) antipsychotics (FGAs) because they
are associated with fewer extrapyramidal symptoms.
However, SGAs tend to have metabolic side effects, such as
weight gain
 hyperlipidemia
 diabetes mellitus.
These adverse effects can contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular mortality observed
in schizophrenia patients. 
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