EE102

Electronic Engineering II

Dr. Tamer Saleh El-Sayed

Lecturer in the Egyptian Russian University (ERU)

algwaal@yahoo.com
 EE102 Electronics II
Spring 2022

Output Stage Gain Amplifier

Darlington Amplifier
 Announcements
• Text Book:
• Microelectronic Circuits by Sedra & Smith, 6th ed., Oxford University Press,
Electronics Devices & Circuit Theory, Robert and Louis

3
 Lecture Overview
• Output Stage Gain Amplifier
• Darlington Amplifier

4
BJT Darlington Pair
Op Amp BJT Circuit

C
IC
c1

b1
c2 Darlington amplifier
B Q1
IB
Q2
e1 b2
e2

E 5
 BJT Darlington Pair C
Darlington amplifier
IC
c1
Darlington pair c2
b1
B Q1
Internal connection; IB
• Collectors of Q1 and
Q2
e1 b2
Q2;
e2
• Emitter of Q1 and
base of Q2.
E
Provides high current
gain : IC  2IB

I C   DC I B
6
 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier I C   DC I B
Currents in darlington pair

b 1I B 1 I C 1 + IC 2 = [b 1 + b 2(1+b 1)]I B 1

I C 2 = b 2I B 2 =b 2(1+b 1)I B 1
Q1
IB1
Q2

I E 2 = (1+b 2)I B 2 =(1+b 1)(1+b 2)I B 1

I E 1 = (1+b 1)I B 1 = I B 2

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier
I C   DC I B
If 1 = 2 =  and assuming  is large;
Darlington configuration
provides;
• Increased bIB1 I C 1 + IC 2 @ b 2I B 1
current

I C 2 = b I B 2 =b (1+b )I B 1
Q1
IB1
Q2

I E 2 = (1+b )I B 2 =(1+b )2I B 1

I E 1 = (1+b )I B 1 = I B 2

8
 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier

Hybrid- model (assuming ro1 = ro2 = );

C
b1 c1
+
c1
rp 1 Vp 1 g m 1V p 1


c2
b1
B Q1 -
c2
Q2 e1 b2 +
e1 b2
rp 2 Vp 2 g m 2V p 2
e2
-
E e2

9
 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier

Darlington configuration provides;

• Increased current;
• High input resistance.

Darlington pair
configuration

10
 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier
I C   DC I B
Example

For circuit shown below, 1   2  100, VA1  VA2   and

VBE1  VBE 2  0.7 V.

Determine the;
(a) Q-point for Q1 and Q2;
(b) voltage gain vo/vs;
(c) input resistance;
(d) output resistance Ro

11
 BJT Darlington Pair
Darlington amplifier
Example (cont’d)
Determine the;
(a) Q-point for Q1 and Q2;
(b) voltage gain vo/vs;
(c) input resistance;
(d) output resistance Ro

12
 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution V CC +10 V

(a) Determining the Q-points

RC 2.2 kW
R1 335 kW
Using Thevenin’s theorem;
Q1
 R2 
VBB  VCC    2.72 V Q2
 R1  R2 
R2 125 kW
R1 R2 RE2 1 kW
RBB   91 k
R1  R2

DC equivalent circuit 13
 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d) Darlington connection
V CC +10 V
The circuit becomes;

RC 2.2 kW
From page 10 analysis: V BB +2.72 V IC1
IB1
I B 2  I E1    1I B1 R BB
IC2
Q1
91 kW
I E 2    1I B 2    1 I B1 Q2
2

IB2 IE2
KVL input loop
KVL around B1-E2 input loop:
RE2 1 kW

RBB I B1  2VBE  RE 2   1 I B1  VBB

2

14
 BJT Darlington Pair
VBE1  VBE 2  0.7 V. 1   2  100,

V CC +10 V
RBB I B1  2VBE
 RE 2   1 I B1  VBB
2

RC 2.2 kW
V BB +2.72 V IC1
Substituting values; IB1
R BB
IC2
Q1
91kI B1  2  0.7 91 kW
Q2
 1k 100  1 I B1  2.72
2
IB2 IE2
KVL input loop
RE2 1 kW
1.32
I B1   10 3
10292
 0.128 μA
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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d) 1   2  100,

I C   DC I B V CC +10 V

I C1  I B1  12.8 μA
RC 2.2 kW
V BB +2.72 V IC1
IB1
R BB
IC2
I E1  I B 2  1   I B1 Q1
 12.93 μA 91 kW
Q2
IB2 IE2
I C 2   I B 2  1.293 mA
RE2 1 kW

I E 2  1   I B 2  1.3 mA
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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

V CC +10 V
VE 2  I E 2 RE 2
 1.3 1  1.3 V RC 2.2 kW
V BB +2.72 V IC1
IB1
VE1  VE 2  VBE 2 R BB
IC2
Q1
 1.3  0.7  2 V
91 kW
Q2
IB2 IE2
VC1  VC 2  VCC  I C1  I C 2 RC
 10  2.21.293  0.0128 RE2 1 kW

 7.127 V

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

VCE1  VC1  VE1 V CC +10 V

 7.127  2  5.127 V
RC 2.2 kW
V BB +2.72 V
VCE 2  VC 2  VE 2 IC1
 7.127  1.3  5.827 V R BB
IB1
IC2
Q1
91 kW
(a) The Q-points are; Q2
IB2 IE2

Q1 : I CQ1  12.8 μA; VCEQ1  5.127 V RE2 1 kW

Q2 : I CQ 2  1.293 mA; VCEQ 2  5.827 V

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

(b) The small-signal voltage gain (mid-band);

R is
vo
Q1
vs
Q2 RC
R BB
Ro

The equivalent circuit under AC condition

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

Using the hybrid- model of transistor;

R is ii io Ro

vs + vo
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
-

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)
Q-point for Q1 and Q2;

I CQ1 12.8 A
g m1    0.492 mA/V
VT 26 mV

I CQ 2 1.293 mA
gm2    49.73 mA/V
VT 26 mV

1 100
r 1   3
 203.25 k
g m1 0.492 10

2 100
r 2   3
 2 k
g m 2 49.73  10

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

R is ii io Ro

vs + vo
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
-

vo  g m1V 1  g m 2V 2 RC

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 BJT Darlington Pair
I b 2  I i  1 I i  1  1 I i
Example – Solution (cont’d)
V 2  I b 2 r 2  1  1 I i r 2
R is ii io Ro

vs + vo
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
-
V 1  I i r 1
r 2
V 2  1    V 1
V 2  I b 2 r 2  1  1 I i r 2 r 1

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

vo  g m1V 1  g m 2V 2 RC

r 2
V 2  1  1  V 1
r 1

Substituting for V2 in the expression for vo and

simplifying;
 1  1  1  2 
vo     RCV 1
 r 1 

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

vs  V 1  V 2 Note :
r 2
Substituting for V2; V 2  1  1  V 1
r 1
r 2  1  1  1  2 
vs  V 1  1  1  V 1 vo     RCV 1
r 1  r 1 

Therefore;  1  1  1  2 
  RCV 1
vo  r 1 
Av  
vs r 2
V 1  1  1  V 1
voltage gain vo/vs r 1

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

Simplifying; voltage gain vo/vs

vo
Av   
1  1  1  2 RC
vs r 1  1  1 r 2 1   2  100,

Substituting values;

Av 

100  100  100 2.2
2

203.25  2  100  2

voltage gain vo/vs Av  55.4 V/V

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

R ib
R is ii ib io Ro

+ vo
+
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB vs RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
- -

vs
Rib   r 1  1  1 r 2
ib
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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)

R ib
R is ii ib io Ro

+ vo
+
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB vs RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
- -

Substituting values; 1   2  100,

Rib  203  1  1002  405 k

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 BJT Darlington Pair
Example – Solution (cont’d)
R ib
R is ii ib io Ro

+ vo
+
rp 1 vp 1 g m 1v p 1
-
R BB vs RC
+
rp 2 vp 2 g m 2v p 2
- -

output resistance Ro

Ro  RC  2.2 k
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