Computer Network and

Data Communication
Course Instructor: Engr. Bilal Hasan
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LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post office.
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PROTOCOL LAYERING
In data communication and networking, a protocol defines the rules that both the sender and
receiver and all intermediate devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively. When
communication is simple,we may need only one simple protocol; when the communication is
complex, we may need to divide the task between different layers, in which case we need a
protocol at each layer, or protocol layering.
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Scenarios
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OSI Reference Module

OSI means (Open System Interconnection) ye module hy jessy hum OSI Reference Module k naam sy janty hy. OSI ka matlab
(Open System Interconnection) hamray do networks module bany thy phla tha 1) DOD (Department of Defense) or dosra tha
OSI jo k reference module k naam sy bhi janna jata hy. IOS ny yani (International Organization Standard) ny 1 standard banaya k
agar network py koi communication hogi to wo is process sy or sequence sy hogi or is process ko pher 7 hessu my divide kia gaya
jinhy aaj hum 7 layers k nam sy bhi janty hy yaha her layer k under kuch task assign kiyee gaye or sari hi layer bhut important task
perform karti hy agar in my sy koi 1 layer bhi hata di jaye to network communication impossible hojaye gi. Is standard py 1977 py
kam hona choru howa tha or 1984 my essy globally approved kia gaya. to ye wo sari layers hy jinhy hum 7 layers bhi khty hy essy
samajhna bht hi zarori hy qk is ko samjhny sy hamy network communication ka pata lagta hy k aakhair network my
communication hoti kis tarha hy to start karty hy. (All People Seem To Need Data Processing, Please Do Not Throw Source’s
Pizza Away) ye kuch tricks hoti hy jis sy ap 7 layers k name ko asani sy yad karty hy essy yad karni ki tricks hy UP to Down and
Down to UP. So start karty hy upper layer sy qk communication start wahi sy hoti hy jo k hy Application Layer
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OSI Reference Module

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OSI Reference Module

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The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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1) Physical Layer
Physical layer 1 essi layer hy jaha actual data network interface sy physically move hota hy. Physical layer cables or
connector sy related standard ko specify karti hy. Kessi cable or transmission technic ko use karna hy media wire hy ya
wireless hy kon sys y connectors ko use karna hy ye sub hi physical layer k functions my ata hy. Jessy repeater, hub, media
convertor Etc subhi chezy physical layer py perform hoti hy.

PDUs: PDUs means (Protocol Data Unit) PDUs hamy hamary packet
ki form bataty hy 7 layer my jab data Application, Presentation,
Session layers py hota hy to wo sirf Data hi hota hy per jab Data
Transport layer py ata hy to wo convert hojata hy Segment my or pher
jab Data Network layer py hota hy tab data khlata hy packet or pher
jab Data Data link py hota hy to data khelata hy Frame or physical
layer py data bits ki form my hota hy essy khty hy PDUs matlab
protocol data unit.
1. Data on Transport Layer called Segment.
2. Data on Network Layer called Packet.
3. Data on Data link Layer called Frame.
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2) Data Link Layer

Data link layer work karti hy hamary switches py ye work karti hy MAC address per switch my jo frames banty hy us my IP address
to nahi hota per MAC address hoty hy jis sy data destination host tak pouch pata hy is frame my source MAC or Destination MAC
address hota hy jis sy switch py communication hoi hy. Hamary network switches work karty hy data link layer jabhi network
switches ko Layer 2 devices bhi kehty hy.
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3) Network Layer
Network Layer my hamari IP add hojati hy jis sy communication hoti hy like source and destination IP address from host to host
hamray Routers network layer py kam karty hy or essi ley hum router ko layer 3 device bhi khty hy qk router best path dhondty hy
IP ki or routing protocols ki base py or data ko us ki destination py send bhi karty hy in a different network. Router use karta hy IP
or IPx ko bhi IP ka matlab (internet Protocol) or IPX matlab (Internet Packet Exchanged) jo routers k bech my packets exchange
hoty hy wo IPX protocol ki help sy hoty hy.
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4) Transport Layer
Transport Layer hamari end to end transmission karti hy from source to destination message ko bilkul sahi tarha deliver karti hy or
ussy 1 way/roadmap detti hy jis py data flow hota hy. Or jab hum transport layer ki bat karty hy to is k 2 main protocol hoty hy 1)
TCP or 2) UDP jo is layer py kam karty hy.
1) TCP: TCP means (Transmission Control Protocol) zada tar networks ki communication my TCP use hota hy qk ye hamy
Acknowledgment dyta hy like agar my ny kessi computer py message send kia hy to waha sy mujhy 1 Acknowledgment milti
hy k data sahi tarha send ho chukka hy ye sara process packets my hota hy jessy hi 1 packet dosry computer tak pouch jata hy
to dosra computer ACK dyta hy k packet receive hogaya hy. Essi ley ye reliable hoti hy or trusted hoti hy.
2) UDP: UDP means (User Datagram Protocol) UDP kam to same TCP ki tarha hi karta hy per iska disadvantage ye hy k ye ACK
send nahi karta matlab koi guaranty nahi k data dosray end py received howa bhi hy ya nahi ye sirf packets ko agye throw kar
dyta hy or koi ACK received nahi karta or ye zada reliable
bhi nahi hota UDP use hota hy computer py calling k ley
like Skype, Audio or Video Calling k ley qk waha ACK ki need
hi nahi hoti bat karty waqt agar 1 sy 2 packet miss bhi hojaye
to itna fark nahi parta voice communication py.
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Flow Control: Transport layer hamy flow control provide karti hy matlab limited data send karti hy jinti k hamari speed hoti
hy data receiving ki us sy zada nahi karti warna conjunction ka khatra hota hy essi ley wo flow control ko use karti hy data sending
or receiving k doran Traffic k Flow ka 1 control hota hy.

Segmentation: Transport layer hamy Segmentation bhi provide karti hy matlab jessy k agar bhut bara data send ho raha ho
like 10MB ka to wo us 10MB k 10 packets banati hy choty choty or pher ussy Arrange karti hy sequence my like 1 to 10 or her
packet py 1 number laga dyti hy jis sy agar koi packet miss hojaye to ussy recover karny my aasani hu or sirf wohi packet recover
ho jo miss howa hy to is process ko hum segmentation khty hy.

Fragmentation: Fragmentation opposite hota hy segmentation k segmentation my bara data choty choty packets my
convert hota hy or Fragmentation my wohi choty choty packets dobara bary data my wapas convert hojaty hy.
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5) Session Layer: Session layer hamary sessions ko create ko create karti hy jaissy hum apny browser py TABs open karty hy
4 sy 5 to her TAB my hum kuch naya search kar rahy hoty hy to ussy sessions khty hy sessions layers her TAB py 1 alag session
open karti hy jis sy har TAB py ap kuch new search kar rahy hoty hy or wo session jab tak rehta hy jab tak ap wo TAB close nahi kar
dyty. Essy hum yu bhi samajh sakty hy k jessy hum internet sy koi file download py lagaty hy to waha hamy 1 time dekhta hy k file
5 mint my download hojaye gi to ye bhi session layer my hi perform hota hy k 5 minute tak ap ka session connect rahy ga us
server sy jaha sy ap us file ko download kar rarhy hoty hy. Or agar is doran session toothta hy to ERROR aata hy Session time out
ka.
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6) Presentation Layer: Presentation Layer check the format of data k data

ka format kia hy jessy hamary data k format hoty hy docx, hy JPG, MP3, MP4 ya koi
bhi format hu to presentation layer hamari check karti hy data k format ko k us ka
format kia hy. Presentation layer k ander 3 features or hoty hy jessy.

1) Encryption: 2 tarha k text hoty hy hamary pass 1) Plan Text or 2) Cypher Text. Plan
text wo hoty hy jinhy hum samajh sakty hy jessy English/Urdu ya any language but Cypher
text essi language hoti hy jinhy hum samajh nahi sakty like *&^###@@ kuch is tarha to is sy
hamara data secure hojata hy jis sy agar koi hamara data capture kar ley ya koi file hack bhi
kar ly to wo hamari information ko read na kar saky presentation layer my encryption or
decryption hoti hy to encryption k process my data plan sy cypher my convert hota hy or
decryption my cypher sy wapas plan jis sy travelling k doran data secure hota hy or pher
destination py pouch k wapas cypher sy plan my ho jata hy or pher hum us language ko easily
read kar sakty hy ye sara kam backhand py hota hy. Hamari kuch sites bhi is process ko follow
karti hy like banks ki sites or her wo site jis k start my HTTPS laga ho S means Secure jaha
encryption & decryption ho rahi hoti hy. Or wo sites jin k start my just HTTP lekha hota hy wo
sites plan text my access ho rahi hoti hy.
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2) Compression: Compression hoti hy hamari presentation layer py jis sy

hamary data ka size chota hojata hy or commutation aasani sy hojati hy kam
bandwidth my qk bary size ka data choty size my hojata hy or travelling k doran km
bandwidth ko use karta hy.

3) Translation: Hamari Translation bhi presentation layer hoti hy jessy koi bhi language
ho to computer ussy translate kar sakta hy to essi tarha translate bhi hoti hy jessy Information
convert to Data and data convert to signals to is tarha data communication bhi translation ki
form my hi aati hy.
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7) Application Layer: Application layer hamary computer ki tamam application wessy to

application layer py perform hoti hy per important point my apko bata raha hu jinhy ap aasani sy
samajh sakko koi bhi application jessy facebook, yahoo , Gmail is tarha ki jitni bhi sites hum
internet py search karty hy wo sub application layer py perform hoty hy. Jessy hi hum search
karty hy Google to jessy hi Google open hojata hy to waha Application layer ka kam start hojata
hy Google k k open hony k bad.

Application Layer Protocol:

Telnet: Telnet protocol banna tha 1969 my telnet 1 protocol hy jo
port number 23 py work karta hy telnet jessy hamari window my 1
service hy remote desktop connection ki to essi tarha Cisco k IOS py bhi
1 service hy jessy hum telnet khty hy telnet bilkul wesa hi hy jessye
remote dektop. Remote dektop sy hum window ka remote ly lyty hy or
us py kam kar lyty hy same essi tarha telnet sy hum router ka remote ly
lyty hy or kahi sy bhi apny router ko configure kar sakty hy pher chahye
wo kessi dosri country my hy q na ho or telnet session line vty or IP
address sy configure hota hy or is ka port name hy 23.
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SSH: SSH means (Secure shell) SSH bhi same telnet hy or telnet k sath hi work karta hy bs without SSH telnet py jo traffic ja rahi
hoti hy wo plan text yani simple wording my hoti hy jessy koi bhi catch kar k uski information ko read kar sakta hy or SSH ka faida
ye hy k is my sari traffic encrypted hoti hy matlab k secure hoti hy or ye port number 22 py work karta hy or ye 1 secure tunnel
banna k dyta hy jis sy traffic securely flow hoti hy.

FTP: FTP means (File Transfer Protocol) jessy k hum apny computer py rehty howy hi apni files ko copy paste karty hy same essi
tarha jessy hamara 1 computer Lahore py rakha hy or 1 computer Karachi my is surat my agar hamy Lahore waly computer sy
kuch files copy karni ho to waha hum FTP server ka use karty hy and over the internet file ko remote pc sy copy karty hy apny
computer py or hum jo internet sy files ko download karty hy ye bhi FTP server sy hi karty hy or is ka port number hy 21.

TFTP: TFTP means (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) TFTP sever 1 application hy jessy hum internet sy download karty hy or direct
use karty hy ye hota is ley hy jessy k hamary CISCO k router hoty hy un my jo IOS chal rahi hota hy jo running configuration main
chal rahi hoti hy us ka backup save karny k ley use hota hy or wahi sy restore bhi hojata hy or hum apny router ko upgrade bhi
essi ki help sy karty hy or ye port number 69 py kam karta hy.
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HTTP: HTTP means (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) ye eak protocol hy jo web browser samjhta hy or HTTP web k ley hi use hota
hy jessy k agar hum lekhty hy www.google.com to computer ko nahi pata k google kia hy to ye HTTP per base hy HTTP backhand
py communication karta hy or pher essy hamary browser py open karta hy or ye port number 80 py kam karta hy.

HTTPS: HTTPS means (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) ye bhi same HTTP ki tarha hi hy per HTTPS use hota hy hamari
secure websites per jessy hamari banks ki site hogai qk is ka link secure hota hy matlab ye 1 tarha sy 1 tunnel create karta hy jis
my sari traffic encrypted hoti hy jessi koi hack nahi kar pata or ye port 443 py work karta hy.

NTP: NTP means (Network Time Protocol) jessy hamry network py bhut sary switches or Routers ya servers hy to in sub py logs
generate hoty hy to ye bhi must hy k sub servers per time same hona chahye to is k ley 1 protocol use hota hy jessy hum NTP khty
hy ye bs hum kessi bhi router ya server py run karty hy or jaha ye rum hy waha hum jo time set karty hy sary server or switches py
wohi time auto set hojata hy or seconds ka bhi fark nahi ata to NTP is ley use hota hy or ye port number 123 py work karta hy.
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Summary of layers
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect
network devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol in a private computer network (an intranet or
extranet).

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that identify how it should be
broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management
and is designed to make networks reliable with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.

Common TCP/IP protocols include the following:

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) handles the communication between a web server and a web browser.
• HTTP Secure handles secure communication between a web server and a web browser.
• File Transfer Protocol handles transmission of files between computers.
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Internet
The TCP/IP suite has four core protocols that work at the Internet layer, which maps to the Network layer of the OSI model. The
Internet layer is responsible for packaging, addressing, and routing the data. The four core protocols used in the TCP/IP suite are:

1. The Internet Protocol (IP)

2. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
3. The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
4. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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The layers of the TCP/IP model

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

File Transfer Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Teletype Network Protocol
User datagram protocol
Stream Control Transmission Protocol

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

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Port Numbers
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ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
physical, logical, port, and specific.
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Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Thank You