Welcome to our

Research Class!
 Today is What is the day
Monday, and the date
February 8, 2021 today?
✔Independent and
Dependent
Variables
 VARIABLES
A variable is either a result of some force or is itself the force that causes a
change in another variable. In experiments, these are called dependent and
independent variables respectively.

Figure 1 Dependent and Independent Variables

 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Independent variables (IV) are those that are suspected of
being the cause in a causal relationship. If we are asking a
cause and effect question, our IV will be the variable (or
variables if more than one) that we suspect causes the effect.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Active IV are interventions or conditions we apply to
participants. These can be a teaching strategy for the nursery
students, a new therapy for clients, or a new training
program being tested on employees.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Attribute IV are intrinsic characteristics of the participants that are
suspected of causing a result. For example, if we are examining
whether gender—which is intrinsic to the participants—results in
higher or lower scores on some skill, then gender is an attribute IV.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Independent variables can be
called predictor or criterion variable
in predictive questions where a
variable is thought to predict another
variable, rather than asked whether it
causes the other. 
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES
 Dependent variables (DV) are those that are influenced by
the IV. If we ask, "Does A cause/predict/influence/affect B?,"
then B is the DV.

● DV are variables that depend on or are

influenced by the IV.
● DV are outcomes or results of the influence
of the IV.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES
● DV answer the question: What do I observe
happening when I apply the intervention?
● DV receives the intervention.

The dependent variables are usually

called outcome variables in predictive
questions or questions about differences
between groups but no manipulation of
an IV.
 Examples of Variables in Researches

In experimental research, the IV is manipulated or changed by the

experimenter to measure the effect of this change on the DV.
Example:
● A doctor is studying the impact of a new medication on the blood
pressure of patients with hypertension. To test whether the
medication is effective, he divides the patients into two groups. One
group takes the medication, while the other group takes a sugar pill
placebo.

o The IV is the treatment that he used between groups:

the type of pill given to the patients.
o The DV is the outcome that he measures: the blood
pressure of the patients.
 Examples of Variables in Researches

Outside of an experimental setting, we cannot directly manipulate or change

an IV. Instead, we must find already-existing examples of the IV and examine how
different values change the outcome of the DV

Example:
• A government officer is interested in whether a higher minimum
wage impacts the weekly wage growth of workers in Metro Manila
fast-food industry. He looks at the wages of fast-food employees in
two neighboring cities, one of which raised its minimum wage last
year, while the other did not.

o The IV is the rise in the minimum wage. Although he could not

control it himself, he can make use of the change in the
research.
o The DV is the difference in weekly wage growth between the two
cities.
 Table 1 Sample Research Questions and Variables

Research Question IV DV
Do tomatoes grow
fastest under fluorescent, The type of light the The rate of
incandescent, or natural tomato plant is growth of the
light? grown under tomato plant
Do people who live in
Pasig city walk more and Whether someone * Distance
weigh less than similar lives in Pasig City or walked
individuals in Cainta, Cainta, Rizal * Weight
Rizal?
ACTIVITY
Differentiate independent to dependent variables using the Venn
diagram. Upload your work in your respective albums in our FB
GROUP.

INDEPENDENT SIMILARITIES
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES VARIABLES
ACTIVITY:
Please answer WRAP –UP and VALUING in your module. Upload
your work in your respective albums in our FB GROUP.
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