ENCULTURATION/

SOCIALIZATION
 ENCULTURATION

The process by which people learn the requirement of

their surrounding culture and obtain the values and
behaviors appropriate on necessary in that culture.
Through enculturation, we learn what behaviors, values,
language, and morals are acceptable in our society.
We learn by observing other members of our society, including
our parents, friends, teachers, and mentors. Enculturation
provides a means for us to become functional members of our
society (Williams 2020). Most importantly the individual knows
and sets up a setting of boundaries and acknowledged behavior
that directs what is worthy and not worthy inside the system of
that society (Wikipedia 2019).
 SOCIALIZATION

Socialization is the lifelong social experience by which

people develop their human potential and learn culture.
Unlike other living species, whose behavior is mostly or
entirely set by biology, humans need social experience to
learn their culture and to survive.
• Social experience provides individuals with
communication skills and confidence to interact
effectively in social contest (R. L. Duran 2020). One
good example is participation in social gatherings.
Participating in social activities has many positive effects
on different aspects of a person’s life. It depends on how
you accept experience and change your personality.
 THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION

There are different types of theories that will

explain how your personality is shaped
(Boundless Sociology n.d.).
The looking-glass self is a social psychological
concept, made by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902,
stating that a person’s self develops out of society’s
interpersonal interactions and the recognitions of
others.
• The term refers to individuals forming themselves based
on other people’s perception, which leads individuals to
strengthen other people’s points of view on themselves.
Individuals shape themselves based on what other
individuals see and affirm other people ‘s opinions on
themselves.
• George Herbert Mead developed a theory of social
behaviorism to clarify how social experience
develops an individual’s identity. Mead’s central
concept is the self: the part of an individual’s
personality composed of self-awareness and self-
image. Mead claimed that the self isn’t there at birth,
or maybe, it is created with social experience.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who
founded the discipline of psychoanalysis, a clinical
method for treating psychopathology through dialogue
between a patient and a psychoanalyst. In his later work,
Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided
into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego.
• The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive,
child-like portion of the psyche that operates on the
“pleasure principle” and is the source of basic
impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and
gratification.
The ego acts according to the reality principle (i.e., it
seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will
benefit in the long term rather than bringing grief).
Finally, the super-ego aims for perfection. It comprises
that organized part of the personality structure, mainly
but not entirely unconscious that includes the
individual’s ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic
agency that criticizes and prohibits his or her drives,
fantasies, feelings, and actions.
 JOHARI WINDOW MODEL

Another way to reflect your self is utilizing the Johari Window Model
used to assess and improve a group’s relationship with a group. It was
devised by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in
1955, while researching group dynamics at the University of
California Los Angeles. The Johari Window model is a simple and
useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and mutual
understanding between individuals within a group.
• The information transfers from one pane to the other as
the result of mutual trust which can be achieved through
socializing and the feedback got from other members of
Open/self-area or arena – Here the information about
the person his attitudes, behaviour, emotions, feelings,
skills and views will be known by the person as well as
by others.
Blind self or blind spot – Information about yourselves
that others know in a group but you will be unaware of
it. Others may interpret yourselves differently than you
expect.
Hidden area or façade – Information that is known to
you but will be kept unknown from others. This can be
any personal information which you feel reluctant to
reveal. This includes feelings, past experiences, fears,
secrets etc. we keep some of our feelings and
information as private as it affects the relationships and
thus the hidden area must be reduced by moving the
information to the open areas.
Unknown area – The Information which are unaware to
yourselves as well as others. This includes the
information, feelings, capabilities, talents etc. This can be
due to traumatic past experiences or events which can be
unknown for a lifetime. The person will be unaware till he
discovers his hidden qualities and capabilities or through
observation of others. Open communication is also an
effective way to decrease the unknown area and thus to
communicate effectively.
 QUIZ:

• 1. The looking-glass self is a social psychological

concept, made by____________
• 2. he developed a theory of social behaviorism to
clarify how social experience develops an individual’s
identity.
 QUIZ:

• 3. Is the lifelong social experience by which people

develop their human potential and learn culture.
• 4. he was an Austrian neurologist who founded the
discipline of psychoanalysis
 QUIZ:

• 5. is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and

improving self-awareness, and mutual understanding
between individuals within a group. It was devised
by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham in 1955
 NORMS AND VALUES

• Norms are the rules and expectations by which a

society guides the behavior of its members.
• Values are culturally defined standards that people use
to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and
that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
 SOCIAL VALUES

• Social values are cultural standards that indicate the

general good deemed desirable for organized social
life. These are assumptions of what is right and
important for society. They provide the ultimate
meaning and legitimacy for social arrangement or
ideals.
 INDIVIDUAL VALUES

• An individual value is enjoyed or sought by the

individual which man seeks for himself
 MEANING OF NORMS:
• Norms are standards of group behavior.
• An essential characteristic of group life is that it is
possessed of a set of values which regulate the
behavior of individual members. As we have seen
already, groups do not drop out of the blue with
stabilize relationships among members. Groups are the
products of interaction among individuals.
• A normless society is impossibility.
• Norms are of great importance to society. It is impossible to
imagine a normless society, because without norms
behavior would be unpredictable. The standards of behavior
contained in the norms give order to social relation
interaction goes smoothly if the individuals follow the
group norms. The normative order makes the factual order
of human society possible.
• Norms influence individual’s attitudes.
• Norms influence an individual attitudes and his motives. They
impinge directly upon a person’s self-conception. They are specific
demands to act made by his group. They are much more stable.
They have the power to silence any previously accepted abstract
sentiment which the may oppose. They take precedence over
abstract sentiments. Becoming a member of a group implies
forming attitudes in relation to group norms The individual
becomes a good member to the extent he abides by norms.
 STATUSES AND ROLES

• Achieved status refer to a social position a person takes

on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort.
• Ascribed status is obtained not through
accomplishments but or maybe through birth. Ascribed
is something that an individual is born into.
 GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION

• Gender socialization is the process by which

individuals are educated approximately the standards
and behaviors related with their assigned sex,
ordinarily amid during childhood development.
• Gender refers to those social, cultural, and
psychological traits linked to males and females
through particular contexts. It is more difficult to
define, but it can refer to the role of a male or female
in society, known as gender lore, or an individual’s
concept of themselves, or gender identity(Newman
2018).