HYPOTHESIS

TESTING

Jackson, Elisha A. BSA-2A

 What is Hypothesis?
It is a premise or claim that we want to test or
investigate about a property of a population
(in our case, its about the mean or a proportion of
the population.)
EVALUATE

VARIABILITY IN YOUR HOW LARGE IS YOUR

SAMPLE SAMPLE
 Hypothesis Testing is defined as a
formal systematic procedure and a type
of statistical inference to assess whether
interpreting the research findings may
have occurred by chance. The evidences
provided by samples of data about some
claim concerning a population are
evaluated by users such as scientists or
researchers to test specific predictions
called hypothesis whether it’s a null
hypothesis or alternative hypothesis that
arises from theories.
 STEPS IN TESTING HY-
POTHESIS
Our
01
Services
Formulate and state
04
Determine the tabular value
your Hypothesis as Null for the test.
or Alternative

Set the level of signifi- Compute the test statistics

02 05 and corresponding p-value
cance ()
Compare the test statistical
Determine the test sta- value (computed value) with
03 tistics to be used 06
06 its corresponding critical
value (tabular value) then
state your conclusion .
STEP 1: Formulate and state your Hypothesis
as Null or Alternative
denotes as Null Hypothesis
• This is the fault hypothesis where it is
something that is already established.
• Currently accepted value for a
parameter of a population.
• Prediction that there is no significant
difference between items being
compared or variables between
groups.
• always a statement of equality
STEP 1: Formulate and state your Hypothesis
as Null or Alternative
denotes as Alternative Hypothesis
• This is also called or known as the
Research Hypothesis that you propose.
• This is used in case the is rejected.
• Presents Hypothesis that argues with
the which you're trying to test or
investigate.
• Always a statement of inequality such
as
Based on population distribution, hypothesis test-
ing is further categorized into sub-types:
1. SIMPLE: the population parameter is stated as
a specific value making the analysis easier.
2. COMPOSITE: the population parameter ranges
between a lower and upper value
3. ONE TAILED: majority of the population is
concentrated on 1 side either higher or lower
than the population parameter.
4. TWO TAILED: when critical distribution is 2
sided either the test sample is higher or lower
than a number of given values.
and are mathematical hypothesis oppo-
sites
STEP 2: Set the level of Significance,
denotes as Alpha or Significance level
• It is the probability that the test statis-
tic will fall in the critical region (rejec-
tion region) when the null hypothesis is
true
• Common values are 0.01, 0.05 and
0.010.

EXAMPLE:
a significance level of 0.05 indicates a
5% risk of concluding that a difference
exists when there is no actual difference.
CRITICAL REGION – also called as the rejection
region or area where the set of all values of the
test statistic that cause us to reject or need to
decide against the null hypothesis.

CRITICAL VALUE – is any value that separates

the critical region from values of the test statistic
that would not cause us to reject the null hypothe-
sis

PROBABILITY VALUE (P-VALUE) – probability of

obtaining a sample “more extreme” than the ones
observed in your data, assuming is true
 The significance level for a given hypothesis test
is a value for which a P-value is less than or
equal to is considered statistically significant.
STEP 3: Determine the Test Statistic to be used
• A test statistic is a value computed from
the sample data used in making the
decision whether or not to reject the
• Your choice of statistical test will be based
on the type of variables and the level of
measurement of your collected data.
• The test statistic is used to calculate the
p-value of your results, helping to decide
whether to reject your null hypothesis.
• It also describes how closely the
distribution matches the distribution
predicted under the null hypothesis.
• The test statistic indicates how far our sample
deviates from the assumed population
parameter.
• Use Z-test if population standard deviation is
given and T-test if the standard deviation
given is from the samples.
1. For larger samples (n 30)
 Asymptotic test ( Z-test)
2. For small samples (n 30)
 Exact test ( T-test, F-test and )
STEP 4: Determine the Tabular value for the test
• For a Z-test, use the table of the critical
values of Z based on the area of the
normal curve
• For a T-test, one must first compute for
the degrees of freedom ; then look for
the tabular value from the table of t-dis-
tribution
 For a single sample, df = number of
items – 1 = n-1
 For two samples, df = + - 2
STEP 5: Compute the test statistics and corre-
sponding p-value
• Compute for Z or T as needed, using
any of the following formulas:
STEP 5: Compute the test statistics and corre-
sponding p-value
Z-Test
Comparing 2
sample means

Comparing 2
sample
proportions
STEP 5: Compute the test statistics and corre-
sponding p-value
T-Test
Comparing 2 sample means
STEP 6:Compare the test statistical value (computed
value) with its corresponding critical value (tabular value)
then state your conclusion .
 Our final conclusion will always be one
of these:
1. Reject the Null Hypothesis
2. Fail to reject the Null Hypothesis

Based on the outcome of the

test, there are guidelines to state
your conclusion.
GUIDELINES FOR STATING YOUR CONCLUSION
A. Reject if the absolute computed value is
equal to or greater than the absolute tabular
value.
B. Accept if the absolute computed value is less
than the tabular value
GUIDELINES FOR STATING YOUR CONCLUSION
A. Reject if the absolute computed value is
equal to or greater than the absolute tabular
value.
B. Accept if the absolute computed value is less
than the tabular value
 Example 1: Biology

Suppose a biologist believes that a certain fertilizer will cause plants

to grow more during a one-month period than they normally do, which
is currently 20 inches. To test this, she applies the fertilizer to each of
the plants in her laboratory for one month.

She then performs a hypothesis test using the following hypotheses:

H0: μ = 20 inches
(the fertilizer will have no effect on the mean plant growth)

HA: μ > 20 inches

(the fertilizer will cause mean plant growth to increase)

If the p-value of the test is less than some significance level

(e.g. α = .05), then she can reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that the fertilizer leads to increased plant growth.