CHAPTER 3: NETWORK &

COMMUNICATION
 WHAT IS COMPUTER
NETWORK?
• two or more computer systems linked together.
• can be private or public; Private networks require the user to obtain
permission to gain access. Typically, this is granted either manually by a
network administrator or obtained directly by the user via a password or with
other credentials.
• Public networks like the internet do not restrict access.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).
• limited to a specific area, such as a home, office, or campus.
• All devices connected to the router share the same network and often the same Internet connection.
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
• WANs are often comprised of multiple LANs that are connected.
• Access to WANs may be limited using authentication and other security measures.
• The Internet itself is the largest WAN since it encompasses all locations connected to the Internet.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A data network designed for a town or city.
• applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network which may then also offer
efficient connection to a wide area network.
 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
• Logical and structural layout of the network, consisting of transmission equipment,
software and communication protocols, and infrastructure (i.e. wired or wireless)
transmission of data and connectivity between components.
• Network architecture refers to how computers are organized in a system and how
tasks are allocated between these computers.
• Two of the most widely used types of network architecture are peer-to-peer and
client/server. Client/server architecture is also called 'tiered' because it uses multiple
levels.
 CLIENT-SERVER & PEER TO PEER

Client - Server
• Client – request services
• Server – serves client
• server based
Peer to Peer
• Connects fewer than 10 computers
• Equal responsibilities & capabilities
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS
• Single central cable; popular – LAN
• advantages : easy to install & inexpensive
RING
• Cable forms a closed loop; data transmit in 1 direction
• disadvantages : difficult to install
STAR
• Nodes connect to a central;
• advantages: easy to install & maintain
• disadvantages: hub/switch fails, the entire network inoperable
 HISTORY OF INTERNET
• Internet – worldwide collection of network
• Started by ARPA (Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency) – share
information between scientists & military
• 1969, ARPANET – linking scientific & academic researchers across the US, four
main computers (Univ. of California – Los Angeles, Univ. of California – Santa
Barbara, Stanford Research Institute & Univ. of Utah).
 INTERNET ADDRESS
• Relies on addressing system
• IP address – number that uniquely identifies each computer connected to
Internet
• IP address has 4 groups of numbers, each separated by a period
• Eg 216.239.39.33
• 1st portion – network & last portion – specific computer
 INTERNET, INTRANET &
EXTRANET
• Internet - a global system of interconnected computer networks. It is not controlled
by a central entity and therefore relies on network devices and accepted conventions
and protocols to relay the data traffic until it gets to its destinations.
• Intranet – internal network, private network that is setup and controlled by an
organization to encourage interaction among its members, to improve efficiency and
to share information,etc… 
• Extranet – portion of a company’s network allows customers to access parts of an
enterprise’s intranet. An extranet is an extended intranet. In essence, an extranet is a
private network that uses Internet protocols and public networks to securely share
resources with customers, suppliers, vendors, partners, or other businesses.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
• WWW – service of Internet
• consists of a collection of electronic documents
• Some – static (same content), some – dynamic (customize view)
• Web site – collection of related web pages
• Web server – computer delivers requested web pages
• Web browser – application software that allow users to access & view web pages.
• Web page has a unique address called URL (Universal Resource Locator) (https://
www.google.com) https //bsh.hasil.gov.my kemaskini
• Most web pages has hypertext (links to text-based documents) or hypermedia
(text-based links with graphics, audio & video) links
 NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute) & IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering) propose, develop & approve network standards
• Protocol – standard that outlines characteristics of how two network devices communicate.
• Widely used network communications standards & protocol:
• Ethernet – each node attempts to transmit data when it determines the network is
available to receive communications. Collision happens
• Token Ring- only one computer transmits data at a time, so no collision
• TCP/IP
• 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
• Bluetooth
• UWB
• IrDA
• RFID
• WiMAX
 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

• Bandwidth – amount of data travel over communications channel

• Latency – time it takes for a signal to travel from 1 location to another on a
network
• Best performance – High Bandwidth & Low Latency
• Transmission Media - materials or substances capable of carrying one or
more signals. 2 types: physical or wireless
 PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Twisted pair
• Network cabling & telephone system; wire twisted to reduce noise
• Coaxial cable
• Single copper wire surrounded by 3 layers; used in cable television
(CATV) – for long distances
• Fiber-optic cable
• Use light to transmit signal;
• advantages: capability carrying more signals than cable, faster, less
susceptible to noise,smaller, better security
• disadvantages: expensive
 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Infrared
• Send signal using infrared light waves
• Broadcast radio
• Radio signal through air over long distances.
• Disadvantages: slow, more susceptible to noise than physical media,
• Advantages: flexible, portable, examples: UWB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX
• Cellular radio
• Mobile comm. For wireless modem and cell phones (high freq radio
waves to transmit voice and digital data messages).
• Microwaves (use radio waves, high speed transmission)
• Use line-of-sight; called FIX WIRELESS; transmit faster than dial up
modem;
• Satellites - Uplink & downlink
THE END