Array Antenna

objective

• What is the meaning of array Antenna

• Why Array
• Type of array
Introduction
An antenna array is group of antennas connected and arranged in
regular structure to form a single antenna .
Radiation pattern of single element
single element
• Radiation pattern is Wide
• Low value of directivity
• Low gain
*To increase the directivities and gain of the antenna we have two solution
1-Enlarging the dimensions of single element
2-Enlarging the dimension of the antenna without increasing the size of
the individual element
Radiation pattern of Array Antenna
Array Antenna
• Narrow (main lobe) beam width
• High directivity
• High gain
• Smaller side lobe
Radiation Field Parameters
Five controls that can be used to shape the overall

1- geometrical configuration of the overall array

• Linear array
• Circular array
• Rectangular(Planner) array
2-relative displacement between the element
3-Excitation amplitude of element

• Uniform Excitation
• Nonuniform Excitation
4-Excitation Phase of the individual element
Zero phase shift Constant phase Shift
5-Radiation pattern of individual element
𝝀
𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂
𝟐 Sinusoidal current
Two Element Array
Total field radiated by the two element are

E=E1+E2
In chapter 4 we found radiations field for single
element equal
− 𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐾 𝐼 𝑙𝑒 𝑜
𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 = 𝑗𝜂 cos 𝜃
4𝜋𝑟

E
 𝑒 𝑗𝑥 +𝑒 − 𝑗𝑥
=cos ⁡(𝑥 )
2

Single element pattern Array Factor

Array Factor Parameter

𝟏
𝐀𝐅 𝒏 =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ¿
𝟐
:Phase difference between the element
:distance between the element
We can see the distance between the element and phase if we change will
change the properties of the antenna
The main condition for the array factor is identical element
 Phase between element =0

𝟏
𝐀𝐅 𝒏 =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ¿
𝟐
 Phase between element =90

𝟏
𝐀𝐅 𝒏 =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ¿
𝟐
 Phase between element =-90

𝟏
𝐀𝐅 𝒏 =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ¿
𝟐
=0 =+90 =-90
N-Element Linear Array
Uniform Array
− 𝐣 𝒌 𝒓𝟐 − 𝐣𝒌 𝒓 𝟑
𝐄=𝒄(𝐞 ¿¿ − 𝐣𝐤 𝒓 𝟏+𝐞 +𝐞 +…) ¿
Find the relation ship between r2,r3,… with respect to r1

𝐄=𝐜𝐞
− 𝐣𝐤 𝒓 𝟏
( 𝟏+𝐞 𝐣𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
+𝐞 𝐣 𝟐 𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
+𝐞 𝐣𝟑 𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
+… )
N-Element
𝐣𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐣 𝟐 𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐣 𝟑𝐤𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐀𝐅=𝟏+𝐞 +𝐞 +𝐞 +…
𝐍
𝐀𝐅= ∑ 𝐞 𝐣(𝐧−𝟏)𝛙

𝐧=𝟏
𝝍 =𝐤𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 +𝜷
𝐍
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⁡( 𝛙)
𝟐
𝐀𝐅=
𝐍
𝛙
𝟐
From the array factor of N-element Uniform
amplitude and Spacing we can find

•Null of the Array

• maximum value
•HPBW
•The 3db-point
•Maximum first minor lobe
Broadside Array
In broadside array the maximum radiation directed normal to the perpendicular
axis of the array

• The phase shift between the element must be zero

to obtained direction toward =0
• The separation between element should be
constant

=0

To avoid any grating lobe the largest spacing between the

element should be less than one wavelength.
End-Fire Array
In end-fire array the maximum radiation directed along the axis of the array .it
directed toward only one direction .
Phased scanning Array
• The maximum radiation can be oriented in any direction if the phase
excitation between the element adjusted to

Three method for phased control between the element

1-ferrite Phase shifter
2-diode phase shifter
3-binary phase shifter
‫بتقليل المسافة سوف يظهر تاثير تداخل المجال المسمى ب ال ‪ mutual coupling‬وهذا يقلل ال ‪gain‬‬
‫للتخلص من هذه المشكلة نزيد المسافة بين الهوائيات وبالتالي سوف تظهر مشكلة ال ‪side lobes‬‬